PBDB Taxon

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Rhinocerotidae (rhinoceros)

Mammalia - Perissodactyla - Rhinocerotidae

Taxonomy

Rhinocerotidae was named by Gray (1821) [also attributed to R. Owen 1845]. It is extant.

It was corrected as Rhinoceridae by Cope (1881).

It was assigned to Trichenae by Gray (1821); to Belluae by Bonaparte (1850); to Solidungula by Leidy (1873); to Perissodactyla by Flower and Lydekker (1891) and Lambe (1908); to Chelodactyla by Scott (1913); to Tapiromorpha by Thurmond and Jones (1981); to Rhinocerotida by Prothero and Schoch (1989); to Perissodactyla by Cope (1889) and Böhme et al. (2013); to Rhinocerotoidea by Hay (1902), Radinsky (1966), Carroll (1988), Dashzeveg (1996), Holbrook (1999), Prothero (2005), Antoine et al. (2010) and Wang et al. (2016); to Ceratomorpha by Tsoukala (2018); and to Perissodactyla by Cope (1881), Flower (1883), Stefani (1916), Wood (1960), Nowak (1991), Antoine et al. (2000), Sach and Heizmann (2001), Antoine et al. (2002), Antoine et al. (2003), Antoine (2003), Deng (2003), Geraads et al. (2005), Symeonidis et al. (2006), Hulbert and Whitmore (2006), Becker et al. (2010), Athanassiou et al. (2014), Khan et al. (2014), Pandolfi and Maiorino (2016), Lu et al. (2016), Geraads (2017) and Lofgren et al. (2020).

Synonyms

Anchisodon tubifer was named by Cope (1879).

It was considered a nomen dubium by Prothero (2005).
Gigantamynodon akespensis was named by Bayshashov (1993). Its type specimen is KAN PK 11/6, a mandible, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Akespe, which is in an Oligocene terrestrial shale/claystone in the Aral Formation of Kazakhstan.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Lucas and Emry (1996).
Forstercooperia crudus was named by Gabounia (1977).

It was considered a nomen dubium by Wang et al. (2018).
Rhinoceros crassus was named by Leidy (1858). It is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Niobrara River (coll. Hayden 1857), which is in a Barstovian/Clarendonian terrestrial horizon in the Loup Fork Formation of Nebraska.

It was recombined as Aphelops crassus by Osborn (1890), Hay (1902) and Matthew (1918); it was recombined as Peraceras crassus by Voorhies (1990); it was synonymized subjectively with Peraceras superciliosum by Prothero (1998); it was considered a nomen dubium by Prothero (2005).
Rhinoceros oregonensis was named by Marsh (1873).

It was recombined as Aceratherium oregonensis by Matthew (1899); it was recombined as Diceratherium oregonense by Hay (1902); it was recombined as Diceratherium oregonensis by Loomis (1908); it was synonymized subjectively with Diceratherium armatum by Fremd (1994); it was considered a nomen dubium by Peterson (1920), Troxell (1921), Matthew (1932) and Prothero (2005).
Rhinoceros pacificus was named by Leidy (1872).

It was recombined as Aceratherium pacificum by Cope (1879); it was recombined as Diceratherium pacificum by Hay (1902) and Loomis (1908); it was considered a nomen dubium by Peterson (1920), Troxell (1921) and Stock (1933); it was synonymized subjectively with Diceratherium armatum by Fremd (1994).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1821	Rhinocerotidae Gray p. 306
1850	Rhinocerotidae Bonaparte p. 1
1858	Rhinoceros crassus Leidy p. 28
1872	Rhinoceros pacificus Leidy p. 248
1873	Rhinoceros crassus Leidy p. 220
1873	Rhinoceros pacificus Leidy p. 220
1873	Rhinocerotidae Leidy p. 328
1873	Rhinoceros oregonensis Marsh p. 410
1879	Anchisodon tubifer Cope
1879	Aceratherium pacificum Cope pp. 229, 235
1881	Rhinoceridae Cope p. 393
1883	Rhinocerotidae Flower p. 185
1889	Rhinoceridae Cope p. 876
1890	Aphelops crassus Osborn
1891	Rhinocerotidae Flower and Lydekker p. 90
1899	Aceratherium oregonensis Matthew
1902	Anchisodon tubifer Hay p. 640
1902	Rhinocerotidae Hay p. 642
1902	Diceratherium oregonense Hay p. 644
1902	Diceratherium pacificum Hay p. 644
1902	Aphelops crassus Hay p. 645
1908	Rhinocerotidae Lambe
1908	Diceratherium oregonensis Loomis
1908	Diceratherium pacificum Loomis
1913	Rhinocerotidae Scott p. 291
1916	Rhinoceridae Stefani p. 11
1918	Aphelops crassus Matthew
1960	Rhinocerotidae Wood pp. 88-90
1966	Rhinocerotidae Radinsky p. 631
1977	Forstercooperia crudus Gabounia
1981	Rhinocerotidae Thurmond and Jones p. 186
1988	Rhinocerotidae Carroll
1989	Rhinocerotidae Prothero and Schoch p. 535
1990	Peraceras crassus Voorhies
1991	Rhinocerotidae Nowak
1993	Gigantamynodon akespensis Bayshashov
1996	Rhinocerotidae Dashzeveg p. 8
1999	Rhinocerotidae Holbrook p. 346
2000	Rhinocerotidae Antoine et al. p. 250
2001	Rhinocerotidae Sach and Heizmann p. 30
2002	Rhinocerotidae Antoine et al.
2003	Rhinocerotidae Antoine
2003	Rhinocerotidae Antoine et al.
2003	Rhinocerotidae Deng p. 142
2005	Rhinocerotidae Geraads et al. p. 531
2005	Rhinocerotidae Prothero
2006	Rhinocerotidae Hulbert and Whitmore p. 18
2006	Rhinocerotidae Symeonidis et al.
2010	Rhinocerotidae Antoine et al.
2010	Rhinocerotidae Becker et al.
2013	Rhinocerotidae Böhme et al.
2014	Rhinocerotidae Athanassiou et al.
2014	Rhinocerotidae Khan et al.
2016	Rhinocerotidae Lu et al.
2016	Rhinocerotidae Pandolfi and Maiorino
2016	Rhinocerotidae Wang et al.
2017	Rhinocerotidae Geraads
2018	Rhinocerotidae Tsoukala
2020	Rhinocerotidae Lofgren et al.

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
subclass	Synapsida
—	Therapsida	()
infraorder	Cynodontia	()
—	Mammaliamorpha

Rank	Name	Author
—	Mammaliaformes
class	Mammalia
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
—	Boreoeutheria
—	Laurasiatheria
—	Scrotifera
—	Euungulata
—	Panperissodactyla
superorder	Perissodactylamorpha
order	Perissodactyla	()
—	Tapiromorpha	(Haeckel 1873)
—	Ceratomorpha	(Wood 1937)
superfamily	Rhinocerotoidea
family	Rhinocerotidae
family	Rhinocerotidae

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Fm. Rhinocerotidae Gray 1821 [rhinoceros]

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Subfm. †Aceratheriinae Dollo 1885

G. †Acerorhinus Kretzoi 1942

†Acerorhinus fuguensis Deng 2000

†Acerorhinus hezhengensis Qiu 1987

†Acerorhinus lufengensis Deng and Qi 2009

†Acerorhinus neleus Athanassiou et al. 2014

†Acerorhinus palaeosinensis Ringström 1924

†Acerorhinus tsaidamensis Bohlin 1937

†Acerorhinus yuanmouensis Zong 1998

†Acerorhinus zernowi Borissiak 1914

G. †Aphelops Owen 1845

†Aphelops cristalatus Henshaw 1942

†Aphelops longipes Leidy 1890

†Aphelops malacorhinus Cope 1878

†Aphelops malacorhinus longinaris Cook 1930

†Aphelops megalodus Cope 1873

†Aphelops mutilus Matthew 1924

Invalid names: Aphelops kimballensis Tanner 1967 [synonym], Aphelops longinaris Frye et al. 1956 [synonym]

Invalid names: Aphelops jemezanus Cope 1875 [nomen dubium]

G. †Chilotheridium Hooijer 1971

†Chilotheridium pattersoni Hooijer 1971

Tr. †Chilotheriini Qiu et al. 1987

G. †Shansirhinus Kretzoi 1942

†Shansirhinus brancoi Schlosser 1903

†Shansirhinus ringstromi Kretzoi 1942

Invalid names: Acerorhinus cornutus Qiu and Yan 1982 [synonym], Chilotherium tianzhuensis Zheng 1982 [synonym], Chilotherium yunnanensis Tang et al. 1974 [synonym]

G. †Floridaceras Wood 1964

†Floridaceras whitei Wood 1964

G. †Galushaceras Prothero 2005

†Galushaceras levellorum Prothero 2005

G. †Hoploaceratherium Ginsburg and Heissig 1989

†Hoploaceratherium bavaricum Stromer 1902

†Hoploaceratherium tetradactylum Lartet 1837

G. †Peraceras Cope 1880

†Peraceras hessei Prothero and Manning 1987

†Peraceras profectum Matthew 1899

Invalid names: Aphelops brachyodus Osborn 1904 [synonym], Aphelops ceratorhinus Douglass 1903 [synonym], Aphelops montanus Douglass 1908 [synonym], Diceratherium jamberi Tanner 1977 [synonym]

†Peraceras superciliosum Cope 1880

Invalid names: Peraceras troxelli Matthew 1918 [synonym]

†Peraceras superciliosus Cope 1880

G. †Plesiaceratherium Young 1937

†Plesiaceratherium fahlbuschi Heissig 1972

†Plesiaceratherium gracile Young 1937

†Plesiaceratherium lumiarense Antunes and Ginsburg 1983

†Plesiaceratherium platyodon Mermier 1895

G. †Proaceratherium Ginsburg and Hugueney 1980

G. †Subchilotherium Heissig 1972

†Subchilotherium intermedium Lydekker 1884

Tr. †Aceratheriini Dollo 1885

G. †Aceratherium Kaup 1834

†Aceratherium huadeensis Qiu 1979

†Aceratherium incisivum Cuvier 1824

†Aceratherium perimense Falconer and Cautley 1847

Invalid names: Aceratherium persistens Osborn 1904 [nomen dubium]

G. †Alicornops Ginsburg and Guerin 1979

†Alicornops alfambrense Cerdeño and Alcalá 1989

†Alicornops complanatum Heissig 1972

†Alicornops simmorense Lartet 1851

G. †Chilotherium Ringström 1924

†Chilotherium anderssoni Ringström 1924

†Chilotherium haberi Ringström 1924

†Chilotherium intermedium Heissig 1972

†Chilotherium kiliasi Geraads and Koufos 1990

†Chilotherium wimani Ringström 1924

G. †Persiatherium Pandolfi 2015

†Persiatherium rodleri Pandolfi 2015

G. †Amphicaenopus Wood 1927

†Amphicaenopus platycephalus Osborn and Wortman 1894

†Caenopus platycephalus nanolophus Troxell 1921

G. †Atelodus Pomel 1853

†Atelodus antiquitatis Blumenbach 1872

Subfm. †Diceratheriinae Dollo 1885

G. †Skinneroceras Prothero 2005

†Skinneroceras manningi Prothero 2005

Subtr. †Elasmotheriina Bonaparte 1850

G. †Bugtirhinus Antoine and Welcomme 2000

†Bugtirhinus praecursor Antoine and Welcomme 2000

G. †Caementodon Heissig 1972

Subg. †Caementodon (Beliajevina) Heissig 1974

†Caementodon (Beliajevina) caucasicum Borissiak 1935

†Caementodon (Beliajevina) fangxianense Yan 1979

Subg. †Caementodon (Caementodon) Heissig 1972

†Caementodon (Caementodon) oettingenae Heissig 1972

G. †Diceratherium Marsh 1875

†Diceratherium annectens Marsh 1873

Invalid names: Diceratherium cuspidatum Troxell 1921 [synonym], Diceratherium nanum Marsh 1875 [synonym]

†Diceratherium armatum Marsh 1875

Invalid names: Aceratherium truquianum Cope 1879 [synonym], Diceratherium gregorii Peterson 1920 [synonym], Diceratherium lobatum Troxell 1921 [synonym]

†Diceratherium matutinum Marsh 1870

†Diceratherium minus Ringström 1924

†Diceratherium niobrarense Peterson 1906

Invalid names: Aceratherium egregius Cook 1908 [synonym], Diceratherium petersoni Loomis 1908 [synonym], Epiaphelops virgasectus Cook 1912 [synonym]

†Diceratherium niobrarensis Peterson 1906

†Diceratherium persistens Osborn 1904

†Diceratherium radtkei Prothero and Rasmussen 2008

†Diceratherium tridactylum Osborn 1893

†Caenopus tridactylus avus Troxell 1921

†Caenopus tridactylus metalophus Troxell 1921

Invalid names: Diceratherium avum Wood 1927 [synonym], Diceratherium proavitum Hatcher 1894 [synonym]

†Diceratherium truquianum Cope 1879

Invalid names: Epiaphelops Cook 1912 [synonym], Metacaenopus Cook 1908 [synonym]

Tr. †Elasmotheriini Dollo 1885

G. †Aegyrcitherium Antoine 1997

G. †Elasmotherium Fischer 1808

†Elasmotherium caucasicum Borissiak 1914

†Elasmotherium sibiricum Fischer 1809

G. †Gobitherium Kretzoi 1943

Subtr. †Menoceratina Prothero et al. 1986

G. †Menoceras Troxell 1921

†Menoceras arikarense Barbour 1906

Invalid names: Aceratherium stigeri Loomis 1908 [synonym], Diceratherium aberrans Loomis 1908 [synonym], Diceratherium loomisi Cook 1912 [synonym], Diceratherium schiffi Loomis 1908 [synonym], Menoceras cooki Peterson 1906 [synonym]

†Menoceras barbouri Wood 1964

Invalid names: Menoceras falkenbachi Tanner 1972 [synonym], Menoceras marslandensis Tanner 1969 [synonym], Moschoedestes delahoensis Stevens et al. 1969 [synonym]

Invalid names: Moschoedestes Stevens et al. 1969 [synonym]

G. †Parelasmotherium Killgus 1923

†Parelasmotherium schansiense Killgus 1923

G. †Hispanotherium Crusafont and Villalta 1947

Subg. †Hispanotherium (Hispanotherium) Crusafont and Villalta 1947

†Hispanotherium beonense Antoine 1997

†Hispanotherium corcolense Antoine et al. 2002

†Hispanotherium matritense de Prado 1864

Invalid names: Begertherium borissiaki Beliajeva 1971 [synonym], Caementodon tongxinensis Guan 1988 [synonym], Chilotherium quintanelensis Zbyszewsky 1952 [synonym], Hispanotherium alpani Sarac 1978 [synonym], Hispanotherium grimmi Heissig 1974 [synonym], Huaqingtherium qiui Guan 1993 [synonym]

†Hispanotherium tungurense Cerdeño 1996

Invalid names: Begertherium [synonym], Tesselodon Yan 1979 [synonym]

G. †Huaqingtherium Huang and Yan 1983

†Huqingtherium lintungense Zhai 1978

G. †Iranotherium Ringström 1924

†Iranotherium morgani Mecquenem 1908

G. †Kenyatherium Aguirre and Guerin 1974

†Kenyatherium bishopi Aguirre and Guérin 1974

G. †Procoelodonta Matthew 1931

Subg. †Procoelodonta (Pasalarhinus) Antoine 2003

†Procoelodonta (Pasalarhinus) tekkayai Heissig 1974

Subg. †Procoelodonta (Procoelodonta) Matthew 1931

†Procoelodonta mongoliense Osborn 1924

G. †Sinotherium Ringstrom 1924

†Sinotherium lagrelii Ringström 1923

G. †Gulfoceras Albright 1999

†Gulfoceras westfalli Albright 1999

G. †Huangotherium

Subfm. †Iranotheriinae Kretzoi 1942

G. †Ninxiatherium Chen 1977

†Ninxiatherium longirhinus Chen 1977

G. †Ougandatherium Guérin and Pickford 2003

†Ougandatherium napakense Guérin and Pickford 2003

G. †Penetrigonias Tanner and Martin 1976

†Penetrigonias dakotensis Peterson 1920

Invalid names: Penetrigonias hudsoni Tanner and Martin 1976 [synonym]

†Penetrigonias sagittatus Russell 1982

Subfm. Rhinocerotinae Gray 1821

G. †Dromoceratherium Crusafont et al. 1955

†Dromoceratherium mirallesi Crusafont et al. 1955

G. †Epiaceratherium Borissiak 1915

†Epiaceratherium bolcense Abel 1910

†Epiaceratherium magnum Uhlig 1999

†Epiaceratherium naduongense Böhme et al. 2013

G. †Guixia You 1977

G. †Mesaceratherium Keissig 1969

†Mesaceratherium gaimersheimense Heissig 1969

†Mesaceratherium paulhiacense Richard 1937

†Mesaceratherium welcommi Antoine et al. 2010

G. †Molassitherium Becker et al. 2013

†Molassitherium albigense Roman 1912

Invalid names: Diceratherium kuntneri Spillmann 1969 [synonym]

†Molassitherium delemontense Becker et al. 2013

G. †Pleuroceros Roger 1898

†Pleuroceros asphaltense Depéret and Douxami 1902

†Pleuroceros blanfordi Lydekker 1884

†Pleuroceros pleuroceros Duvernoy 1853

G. †Protaceratherium Abel 1910

†Protaceratherium albigense Roman 1912

†Protaceratherium minutum Osborn 1900

Tr. Rhinocerotini

G. Ceratotherium Gray 1868 [white rhino]

Ceratotherium cottoni Lydekker 1908 [northern white rhinoceros]

†Ceratotherium mauritanicum Pomel 1888

†Ceratotherium neumayri Osborn 1900

Invalid names: Diceros pachygnathus Guéran 1980 [synonym]

Ceratotherium simum Burchell 1821 [white rhinoceros]

G. †Coelodonta Bronn 1831 [wooly rhino]

†Coelodonta antiquitatis Blumenbach 1799

Invalid names: Coelodonta boiei Bronn 1831 [synonym], Rhinoceros tichorhinus Cuvier 1822 [synonym]

†Coelodonta nihowanensis Chow 1978

†Coelodonta thibetana Deng et al. 2011

†Coelodonta tologoijensis Beliajeva 1966

Invalid names: Tichorhinus Brandt 1849 [synonym]

G. Dicerorhinus Gloger 1841

†Dicerorhinus cixianensis Chen and Wu 1976

Dicerorhinus sumatrensis Fischer 1814 [Sumatran rhino]

Invalid names: Didermocerus Brookes 1828 [synonym]

G. Diceros Gray 1821 [black rhino]

Diceros bicornis Linnaeus 1758 [black rhinoceros]

Subtr. †Dicerotina

G. †Paradiceros Hooijer 1968

†Paradiceros mukirii Hooijer 1968

G. †Dihoplus Brandt 1878

†Dihoplus kirchbergensis Jäger 1839

Invalid names: Rhinoceros mercki Kaup 1841 [synonym], Rhinoceros merckii Kaup 1841 [synonym]

†Dihoplus megarhinus de Christol 1835

†Dihoplus pikermiensis Toula 1906

†Dihoplus ringstroemi Arambourg 1959

†Dihoplus schleiermacheri Kaup 1834

G. †Lartetotherium Ginsburg 1974

†Lartetotherium sansaniense Lartet 1837

G. Rhinoceros Linnaeus 1758 [one-horned rhinoceros]

Subg. †Rhinoceros (Ceratorhinus)

†Rhinoceros deccanensis Foote 1874

†Rhinoceros goldfussii Kaup 1834

†Rhinoceros habereri Schlosser 1903

†Rhinoceros iravadicus Lydekker 1876

†Rhinoceros leptodon Kaup 1834

†Rhinoceros leptorhinus Cuvier 1822

†Rhinoceros minutus Cuvier 1830

†Rhinoceros namadicus Falconer and Cautley 1847

†Rhinoceros palaeindicus Falconer and Cautley 1847

†Rhinoceros philippinensis von Koenigswald 1956

†Rhinoceros planidens Lydekker 1876

†Rhinoceros platyrhinus Falconer and Cautley 1847

†Rhinoceros plicidens Koken 1885

†Rhinoceros sinensis Owen 1870

†Rhinoceros sivalensis Falconer and Cautley 1847

Rhinoceros sondaicus Desmarest 1822 [Javan rhinoceros]

Rhinoceros unicornis Linnaeus 1758 [Indian rhinoceros]

Invalid names: Rhinoceros elatus Croizet and Jobert 1828 [nomen oblitum]

Subtr. †Rhinocerotina Gray 1825

G. †Gaindatherium Colbert 1934

†Gaindatherium browni Colbert 1934

†Gaindatherium vidali Heissig 1972

G. †Ronzotherium Aymard 1854

†Ronzotherium filholi Osborn 1900

†Ronzotherium orientale Dashzeveg 1991

†Ronzotherium velaunum Aymard 1853

G. †Shennongtherium Huang and Yan 1983

†Shennongtherium hypsodontus Huang and Yan 1983

G. †Stephanorhinus Kretzoi 1942

†Stephanorhinus etruscus Falconer 1868

†Stephanorhinus hemitoechus Falconer 1868

†Stephanorhinus hundsheimensis Toula 1902

†Stephanorhinus jeanvireti Guérin 1972

†Stephanorhinus miguelcrusafonti Guerin and Santafe 1978

†Stephanorhinus pikermiensis Toula 1906

Invalid names: Rhinoceros schleiermacheri orientalis Schlosser 1921 [synonym]

Invalid names: Rhinoceros schleiermacheri samius Toula 1906 [synonym]

Subtr. †Teleoceratina Hay 1902

G. †Aprotodon Forster-Cooper 1915

†Aprotodon aralensis Beliajeva 1954

†Aprotodon fatehjangense Pilgrim 1912

†Aprotodon lanzhouensis Qiu and Xie 1997

†Aprotodon smithwoodwardi Forster-Cooper 1915

G. †Brachydiceratherium Lavocat 1952

G. †Brachypodella Heissig 1973

G. †Brachypotherium Roger 1904

†Brachypotherium aurelianense Nouel 1866

†Brachypotherium brachypus Lartet 1848

G. †Diaceratherium Dietrich 1931

†Diaceratherium aginense Répelin 1917

†Diaceratherium armatum Marsh 1875

†Diaceratherium askazansorense Kordikova 2001

†Diaceratherium asphaltense Deperet 1902

†Diaceratherium aurelianense Nouel 1866

†Diaceratherium lamilloquense Michel 1983

†Diaceratherium lemanense Pomel 1853

†Diaceratherium massiliae Ménouret and Guérin 2009

†Diaceratherium shanwangensis Wang 1965

†Diaceratherium tomerdingense Dietrich 1931

G. †Prosantorhinus Heissig 1973

†Prosantorhinus douvillei Osborn 1902

†Prosantorhinus germanicus Wang 1929

G. †Teleoceras Hatcher 1894

Subg. †Teleoceras (Mesoceras) Cook 1930

†Teleoceras aepysoma Short et al. 2019

†Teleoceras americanum Yatkola and Tanner 1979

†Teleoceras brachyrhinum Prothero 2005

†Teleoceras felicis Freudenberg 1921

†Teleoceras fossiger Cope 1878

Invalid names: Aceratherium acutum Marsh 1887 [synonym]

†Teleoceras guymonense Prothero 2005

†Teleoceras hicksi Cook 1927

Invalid names: Paraphelops rooksensis Lane 1927 [synonym], Peraceras ponderis Cook 1930 [synonym], Teleoceras ocotensis Dalquest and Mooser 1980 [synonym], Teleoceras schultzi Tanner 1975 [synonym], Teleoceras yumensis Cook 1930 [synonym]

†Teleoceras major Hatcher 1894

†Teleoceras medicornutum Osborn 1904

Invalid names: Aphelops planiceps Osborn 1904 [synonym], Teleoceras (Mesoceras) thomsoni Cook 1930 [synonym], Teleoceras thomsoni Cook 1930 [synonym]

†Teleoceras meridianum Leidy 1865

Invalid names: Teleoceras minor Olcott 1909 [synonym]

†Teleoceras proterum Leidy 1885

Invalid names: Eusyodon maximus Leidy 1886 [synonym]

†Teleoceras pugnator Matsumoto 1921

†Teleoceras snowi Fourtau 1918

Invalid names: Eusyodon Leidy 1886 [synonym], Paraphelops Lane 1927 [synonym]

Invalid names: Dicerorhinini [empty]

G. †Subhyracodon Wood 1927

†Subhyracodon kewi Stock 1933

†Subhyracodon mitis Cope 1875

Invalid names: Aceratherium copei Osborn 1898 [synonym], Aceratherium pumilum Cope 1885 [synonym], Caenopus pumilus Cope 1886 [synonym]

†Subhyracodon occidentalis Leidy 1850

†Caenopus trigonodus allus Troxell 1921

Invalid names: Aceratherium exiguum Lambe 1908 [synonym], Aceratherium trigonodum Osborn and Wortman 1894 [synonym], Hyracodon quadriplicatus Cope 1873 [synonym], Subhyracodon gidleyi Wood 1927 [synonym], Subhyracodon hesperius Leidy 1865 [synonym], Subhyracodon metalophum Wood 1927 [synonym]

†Subhyracodon woodi Schlaikjer 1935

Invalid names: Anchisodon Cope 1879 [synonym], Caenopus Cope 1880 [synonym], Hyracodon planiceps Scott and Osborn 1887 [nomen dubium], Leptaceratherium Osborn 1898 [synonym]

G. †Teletaceras Hanson 1989

†Teletaceras borissiaki Beliaeva 1959

†Teletaceras mortivallis Stock 1949

†Teletaceras radinskyi Hanson 1989

G. †Trigonias Lucas 1900

†Trigonias osborni Lucas 1900

Invalid names: Caenopus premitis Gregory and Cook 1928 [synonym], Trigonias cooki Wood 1931 [synonym], Trigonias hypostylus Gregory and Cook 1928 [synonym], Trigonias paucidens Wood 1927 [synonym], Trigonias precopei Gregory and Cook 1928 [synonym], Trigonias preoccidentalis Gregory and Cook 1928 [synonym], Trigonias taylori Gregory and Cook 1928 [synonym], Trigonias tetradactylum Osborn 1923 [synonym]

†Trigonias wellsi Wood 1927

Invalid names: Trigonias gregoryi Wood 1927 [synonym]

Invalid names: Procaenopus Figgins 1934 [synonym]

G. †Uintaceras Holbrook and Lucas 1997

†Uintaceras radinskyi Holbrook and Lucas 1997

G. †Woodoceras Prothero 2005

†Woodoceras brachyops Prothero 2005

G. †Zalabis

Invalid names: Anchisodon tubifer Cope 1879 [nomen dubium], Dicerorhininae Simpson 1945 [empty], Forstercooperia crudus Gabounia 1977 [nomen dubium], Gigantamynodon akespensis Bayshashov 1993 [nomen dubium], Rhinoceros crassus Leidy 1858 [nomen dubium], Rhinoceros oregonensis Marsh 1873 [nomen dubium], Rhinoceros pacificus Leidy 1872 [nomen dubium], Teleoceratinae [empty]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Environment:

terrestrialsubc

Locomotion:

actively mobilec

Life habit:

ground dwellingf

Diet:

browserf

Reproduction:

viviparoussubc

Comments:

life habit based on Nowak 1999; diet is primitively browsing according to Prothero 1998f

Created:

2005-06-08 10:11:09

Modified:

2005-08-31 17:08:31

Source: f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum

References: Hendy et al. 2009, Lillegraven 1979, Carroll 1988, Nowak 1991, Ji et al. 2002

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Bartonian to the top of the Holocene or 41.30000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 39.7 Ma

Collections (1924 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Oldest occurrences
Sharamurunian	56.0 - 37.71	Russian Federation	Eotrigonias borissiaki (192038)
Middle Eocene	47.8 - 37.71	China (Nei Mongol)	Rhinocerotidae indet. (28786)
Middle Eocene	47.8 - 37.71	China (Yunnan)	Rhinocerotidae indet. (36668)
Middle Eocene	47.8 - 37.71	USA (Oregon)	Teletaceras radinskyi (16842)
Middle Eocene - Late/Upper Eocene	47.8 - 33.9	China (Nei Mongol)	Rhinocerotidae indet. (180873)
Uintan	46.2 - 39.7	USA (Wyoming)	Uintaceras radinskyi (16648)
Uintan	46.2 - 39.7	USA (Utah)	Uintaceras radinskyi (16607)
Bartonian	41.3 - 38.0	China (Henan)	Rhinocerotidae indet. (177036)
Bartonian	41.3 - 38.0	Myanmar	Teletaceras sp. (41393)
Bartonian - Priabonian	41.3 - 33.9	Vietnam (Lang Son)	Epiaceratherium naduongense (169420)
Bartonian - Rupelian	41.3 - 28.1	Mexico (Oaxaca)	Subhyracodon sp., Trigonias sp. (166797)
Duchesnean	39.7 - 37.0	Canada (Saskatchewan)	Rhinocerotidae indet. (16845)
Duchesnean	39.7 - 37.0	USA (Utah)	Penetrigonias dakotensis (16847)
Duchesnean	39.7 - 37.0	USA (Texas)	Trigonias sp. (16835 16839)
Duchesnean - Chadronian	39.7 - 33.9	USA (Montana)	Rhinocerotidae indet. (16840)
Priabonian	38.0 - 33.9	USA (South Carolina)	Subhyracodon mitis (206997)
Chadronian	37.2 - 33.9	USA (Colorado)	Aceratherium mite, Penetrigonias dakotensis, Trigonias osborni (16977) Caenopus premitis, Trigonias hypostylus, Trigonias osborni, Trigonias precopei, Trigonias preoccidentalis, Trigonias taylori (99642) Rhinocerotidae indet. (16968)
Chadronian	37.2 - 33.9	USA (Wyoming)	Caenopus dakotensis (16960) Caenopus yoderensis (16903) Penetrigonias sp., Trigonias yoderensis (17045) Subhyracodon mitis (16942 16986) Subhyracodon occidentalis (16908) Subhyracodon sp., Trigonias osborni (17011) Subhyracodon sp., Trigonias sp. (16963) Subhyracodon sp., Trigonias sp., Caenopus dakotensis (16962) Trigonias sp. (16964) Trigonias sp., Caenopus dakotensis (16961) Trigonias sp., Caenopus sp. (16920)
Chadronian	37.2 - 33.9	Canada (Saskatchewan)	Caenopus occidentalis, Caenopus pumilus (101961) Penetrigonias sagittatus (16979) Penetrigonias sagittatus, Trigonias osborni, Aceratherium exiguum (16919)
Chadronian	37.2 - 33.9	USA (Montana)	Caenopus mitis (16925 16946) Rhinocerotidae indet. (16915 16988) Rhinocerotidae indet., Penetrigonias dakotensis (16990) Rhinocerotidae indet., Subhyracodon mitis, Trigonias osborni (17010) Trigonias osborni (17041)