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Anthropoidea

Mammalia - Primates

Taxonomy
Anthropoidea was named by Mivart (1864). It is extant. It was considered monophyletic by Kay et al. (2004).

It was reranked as the unranked clade Anthropoidea by Maw et al. (1979), Harrison et al. (1991), Seiffert et al. (2005), Delson et al. (2005), Rosenberger (2006), Fleagle (2013); it was synonymized subjectively with Simiiformes by Godinot and Mahboubi (1992).

It was assigned to Euprimates by Harrison et al. (1991); to Haplorrhini by Kay et al. (2004), Poux and Douzery (2004); to Haplorrhini by Rosenberger (2006); to Haplorhini by Beard et al. (1994), Kay (2010); to Haplorhini by Maw et al. (1979), Fleagle (2013); and to Primates by Mivart (1873), Flower (1883), Flower and Lydekker (1891), Wortman (1903), Gregory (1910), Simons and Chopra (1969), Simons et al. (1987), Carroll (1988), Harrison (1989), Simons (1989), Koufos et al. (1991), Conroy et al. (1992), Simons (1992), White et al. (1994), Schwartz et al. (1995), White et al. (1995), Beard et al. (1996), Kunimatsu (1997), Simons (1997), Gebo et al. (1997), Ward et al. (1999), Moyà‐Solà et al. (2001), Simons (2001), Brunet et al. (2002), Chaimanee et al. (2003), Moyà-Solà et al. (2004), Chaimanee et al. (2004), Brown et al. (2004), Seiffert et al. (2005), Delson et al. (2005), Rossie and MacLatchy (2006), Tejedor et al. (2006), Hlusko (2007), Alba et al. (2009), Berger et al. (2010), Cooke et al. (2011), Alba and Moyà-Solà (2012), Nengo et al. (2017), Pallas et al. (2019), Plavcan et al. (2019), Kay et al. (2019), Gilbert et al. (2020).

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1864Anthropoidea Mivart
1873Anthropoidea Mivart p. 503
1883Anthropoidea Flower p. 186
1891Anthropoidea Flower and Lydekker p. 92
1903Anthropoidea Wortman p. 411
1910Anthropoidea Gregory p. 465
1969Anthropoidea Simons and Chopra p. 2
1977Simiiformes Hofstetter
1979Anthropoidea Maw et al. p. 66
1987Anthropoidea Simons et al. p. 140
1988Anthropoidea Carroll
1989Anthropoidea Harrison p. 537
1989Anthropoidea Simons p. 9956
1991Anthropoidea Harrison et al. p. 332
1991Anthropoidea Koufos et al. p. 285
1992Anthropoidea Conroy et al.
1992Anthropoidea Simons p. 10743
1994Anthropoidea Beard et al. p. 609
1994Anthropoidea White et al. p. 306
1995Anthropoidea Schwartz et al. p. 16
1995Anthropoidea White et al. p. 88
1996Anthropoidea Beard et al. p. 85
1997Anthropoidea Gebo et al. p. 404
1997Anthropoidea Kunimatsu
1997Anthropoidea Simons p. 14970
1999Anthropoidea Ward et al. p. 1383
2001Anthropoidea Moyà‐Solà et al.
2001Anthropoidea Simons p. 7892
2002Anthropoidea Brunet et al. p. 145
2003Anthropoidea Chaimanee et al. p. 62
2004Anthropoidea Brown et al. p. 1055
2004Anthropoidea Chaimanee et al. p. 439
2004Anthropoidea Kay et al. p. 100
2004Anthropoidea Moyà-Solà et al. p. 1339
2004Anthropoidea Poux and Douzery
2005Anthropoidea Delson et al. p. 161
2005Anthropoidea Seiffert et al. p. 303
2005Simiiformes Wilson and Reeder
2006Anthropoidea Rosenberger p. 140
2006Simiiformes Rosenberger p. 140
2006Anthropoidea Rossie and MacLatchy p. 568
2006Anthropoidea Tejedor et al. p. 5437
2007Anthropoidea Hlusko
2009Anthropoidea Alba et al.
2010Anthropoidea Berger et al. p. 195
2010Anthropoidea Kay
2011Anthropoidea Cooke et al. p. 2699
2012Anthropoidea Alba and Moyà-Solà
2013Anthropoidea Fleagle
2017Anthropoidea Nengo et al.
2019Anthropoidea Kay et al.
2019Anthropoidea Pallas et al.
2019Anthropoidea Plavcan et al.
2020Anthropoidea Gilbert et al.

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
—Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
—Tetrapoda
—Reptiliomorpha
—Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
—Cotylosauria()
—Amniota
subclassSynapsida
RankNameAuthor
—Therapsida()
infraorderCynodontia()
—Mammaliamorpha
—Mammaliaformes
classMammalia
—Cladotheria
—Zatheria
subclassTribosphenida()
subclassTheria
—Eutheria()
—Placentalia
—Boreoeutheria
—EuarchontogliresMurphy et al. 2001
—Euarchonta
orderPrimates
infraorderHaplorhini(Pocock 1918)
—Anthropoidea(Mivart 1864)
—Anthropoidea(Mivart 1864)

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Unr. Anthropoidea Mivart 1864
show all | hide all
Fm. †Afrotarsiidae Ginsburg and Mein 1987
+
G. †Afrasia Chaimanee et al. 2012
+
†Afrasia djijidae Chaimanee et al. 2012
G. †Afrotarsius Simons and Bown 1985
+
†Afrotarsius chatrathi Simons and Bown 1985
†Afrotarsius libycus Jaeger et al. 2010
G. †Amamria Marivaux et al. 2014
+
†Amamria tunisiensis Marivaux et al. 2014
Fm. †Amphipithecidae Godinot 1994
+
G. †Bugtipithecus Marivaux et al. 2005
+
†Bugtipithecus inexpectans Marivaux et al. 2005
G. †Ganlea Beard et al. 2009
+
†Ganlea megacanina Beard et al. 2009
G. †Krabia Chaimanee et al. 2013
+
†Krabia minuta Chaimanee et al. 2013
G. †Myanmarpithecus Takai et al. 2001
+
†Myanmarpithecus yarshensis Takai et al. 2001
G. †Pondaungia Pilgrim 1927
+
†Pondaungia cotteri Pilgrim 1927
+
Invalid names: Amphipithecus mogaungensis Colbert 1937 [synonym], Pondaungia savagei Gunnell et al. 2002 [synonym]
†Pondaungia minuta Jaeger and Thein 1999
Invalid names: Amphipithecus Colbert 1937 [synonym]
Subfm. †Siamopithecinae Beard et al. 2009
+
G. †Siamopithecus Chaimanee et al. 1997
+
†Siamopithecus eocaenus Chaimanee et al. 1997
Superfm. Arctopithecini Huxley 1872
+
Fm. Hapalidae Wagner 1840
+
Invalid names: Callimiconinae Dollman 1937 [empty]
G. †Aseanpithecus Jaeger et al. 2019
+
†Aseanpithecus myanmarensis Jaeger et al. 2019
Infraor. Catarrhini Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1812
+
Superfm. Cercopithecoidea Gray 1821
+
G. †Alophia Rasmussen et al. 2019
+
†Alophia metios Rasmussen et al. 2019
Fm. Cercopithecidae Gray 1821 [monkey]
+
G. †Anomalopithecus Arambourg 1979
+
†Anomalopithecus bicuspidatus Arambourg 1979
+
Tr. Cercopithecini Gray 1825
G. Mandrillus Ritgen 1824
+
Invalid names: Chaeropithecus Gray 1870 [synonym], Drill Reichenbach 1862 [synonym], Maimon Trouessart 1904 [synonym], Mandril Voigt 1831 [synonym], Mormon Wagner 1839 [synonym]
Subfm. Colobinae Jerdon 1867
+
G. †Cercopithecoides Mollett 1947
Tr. Colobini Blyth 1875
G. Colobus Illiger 1811
G. †Dolichopithecus Depéret 1889
G. †Kuseracolobus Frost 2001
G. †Mesopithecus Wagner 1839
G. Nasalis Geoffroy 1812
G. †Paracolobus Leakey 1969
G. Piliocolobus Rochebrune 1887
G. Presbytis Eschscholtz 1821
G. Procolobus Rochebrune 1877 [colobus]
G. Pygathrix Geoffroy 1812 [douc langur]
G. Rhinopithecus Milne-Edwards 1872 [snub-nosed monkey]
G. Simias Miller 1903
G. Trachypithecus Reichenbach 1862 [lutung]
+
Invalid names: Kasi Reichenbach 1862 [synonym]
Subfm. Colobinae Blyth 1875
+
G. †Libypithecus Stromer 1913
G. †Parapresbytis Kalmykov and Maschenko 1992
G. Rungwecebus Davenport et al. 2006
+
Rungwecebus kipunji Jones et al. 2005
G. Semnopithecus Desmarest 1822
+
Subg. Semnopithecus (Lophopithecus) Trouessart 1879
Semnopithecus ajax Pocock 1928
†Semnopithecus asnoti Pilgrim 1910
Semnopithecus entellus Dufresne 1797 [northern plains gray langur]
Semnopithecus johnii Fischer 1829 [Nilgiri langur]
Semnopithecus natunae Thomas and Hartert 1894
Semnopithecus vetulus Erxleben 1777 [purple-faced langur]
+
Invalid names: Simia cephaloptera Boddaert 1785 [synonym]
Invalid names: Simia faunus Linnaeus 1758 [nomen dubium]
G. †Nsungwepithecus Stevens et al. 2013
+
†Nsungwepithecus gunnelli Stevens et al. 2013
Fm. †Victoriapithecidae von Koenigswald 1969
+
G. †Noropithecus Miller et al. 2009
+
†Noropithecus bulukensis Miller et al. 2009
G. †Prohylobates Fourtau 1918
+
†Prohylobates simonsi Delson 1979
†Prohylobates tandyi Fourtau 1918
G. †Victoriapithecus von Koenigswald 1969
+
†Victoriapithecus macinnesi von Koenigswald 1969
+
Invalid names: Victoriapithecus leakeyi von Koenigswald 1969 [synonym]
G. †Zaltanpithecus Benefit 2008
Superfm. †Dendropithecoidea Harrison 2012
+
Fm. †Dendropithecidae Harrison 2002
+
G. †Dendropithecus Andrews and Simons 1977
+
†Dendropithecus macinnesi Le Gros Clark and Leakey 1949
G. †Micropithecus Fleagle and Simons 1978
+
†Micropithecus clarki Fleagle and Simons 1978
†Micropithecus leakeyorum Harrison 1989
G. †Simiolus Leakey and Leakey 1987
+
†Simiolus enjiessi Leakey and Leakey 1987
†Simiolus minutus Rossie and Hill 2018
Superfm. Hominoidea Gray 1825 [ape]
+
G. †Chororapithecus Suwa et al. 2007
+
†Chororapithecus abyssinicus Suwa et al. 2007
G. †Ekembo McNulty et al. 2015
+
†Ekembo heseloni Walker et al. 1933
†Ekembo nyanzae Le Gros Clark and Leakey 1950
G. †Equatorius Ward et al. 1999
+
†Equatorius africanus Le Gros Clark and Leakey 1951
Fm. Hominidae Gray 1825 [ape]
+
G. †Danuvius Bohme et al. 2019
+
†Danuvius guggenmosi Bohme et al. 2019
Subfm. †Dryopithecinae
+
Tr. †Afropithecini Andrews 1992
G. †Limnopithecus Hopwood 1933
G. †Udabnopithecus Burchak-Abramovich and Gabashvili 1945
G. Gorilla Geoffroy 1852 [gorilla]
+
Gorilla beringei Matschie 1903 [mountain gorilla]
Gorilla gorilla Savage and Wyman 1847 [gorilla]
+
Invalid names: Gorilla gigas Haeckel 1903 [synonym]
Invalid names: Gorilla beringei mikenensis Lönnberg 1917 [synonym], Pseudogorilla Elliot 1912 [synonym]
Tr. Hominina Gray 1825
+
G. †Paranthropus Broom 1938 [australopithecine]
Subfm. Homininae Gray 1825
+
Tr. †Graecopithecini Cameron 1997
Tr. Hominini Gray 1825
Invalid names: Gorillini Hürzeler 1968 [empty]
G. †Lufengpithecus Wu 1987
+
†Lufengpithecus lufengensis Xu et al. 1978
G. †Oreopithecus Gervais 1872
+
†Oreopithecus bambolii Gervais 1871
G. †Pierolapithecus Moyà-Solà et al. 2004
+
†Pierolapithecus catalaunicus Moyà-Solà et al. 2004
Subfm. Ponginae Elliot 1913
+
Tr. †Hispanopithecini Cameron 1997
G. †Khoratpithecus Chaimanee et al. 2004
Invalid names: Lufengpithecini Kelley 2002 [empty]
Subfm. †Preanthropinae Cela-Conde and Altaba 2002
+
G. †Praeanthropus Senyurek 1955
+
Invalid names: Orrorin Senut 2001 [synonym]
Invalid names: Australopithecinae Gregory and Hellman 1939 [empty], Cercopithecina Gray 1825 [empty], Dryopithecidae [synonym], Homo troglodytes Linnaeus 1758 [nomen vanum], Oreopithecidae Schwalbe 1915 [synonym], Pongidae Elliot 1913 [synonym], Presbytina Gray 1825 [empty], Simiina Gray 1825 [empty]
Fm. Hylobatidae Gray 1870 [gibbon]
+
G. †Bunopithecus Matthew and Granger 1923
+
†Bunopithecus sericus Matthew and Granger 1923
G. Hoolock Mootnick and Groves 2005 [hoolock gibbon]
+
Hoolock hoolock Harlan 1834 [western hoolock gibbon]
Hoolock leuconedys Groves 1967 [eastern hoolock gibbon]
Hoolock tianxing Fan et al. 2017 [Gaoligong hoolock gibbon]
G. Hylobates Illiger 1811
+
Hylobates abbotti Kloss 1929 [Abbott's Müller's Bornean gibbon]
Hylobates agilis Cuvier 1821 [agile gibbon]
+
Invalid names: Hylobates rafflesi Geoffroy 1828 [synonym], Hylobates unko Lesson 1840 [synonym]
Hylobates albibarbis Lyon 1911 [Bornean white-bearded gibbon]
Hylobates funereus Geoffroy 1850 [northern Müller's Bornean gibbon]
Hylobates klossii Miller 1903 [Kloss's gibbon]
Hylobates lar Linnaeus 1771 [lar gibbon]
Hylobates moloch Audebert 1797 [silvery Javan gibbon]
+
Invalid names: Hylobates leuciscus Schreber 1799 [synonym], Simia cinerea Latreille 1804 [synonym]
Hylobates muelleri Martin 1841 [eastern Müller's Bornean gibbon]
Hylobates pileatus Gray 1861 [pileated gibbon]
G. †Kapi Gilbert et al. 2020
+
†Kapi ramnagarensis Gilbert et al. 2020
G. Nomascus Miller 1933
+
Nomascus annamensis Van Ngoc Thinh et al. 2010
Nomascus concolor Harlan 1826 [black crested gibbon]
+
Invalid names: Hylobates harlani Lesson 1827 [synonym], Hylobates niger Ogilby 1840 [synonym]
Nomascus gabriellae Thomas 1909 [yellow-cheeked gibbon]
Nomascus hainanus Thomas 1892 [Hainan black crested gibbon]
Nomascus leucogenys Ogilby 1840 [northern white-cheeked gibbon]
Nomascus nasutus Kunkel d'Herculais 1884 [eastern black crested gibbon]
Nomascus siki Delacour 1951 [southern white-cheeked gibbon]
G. Symphalangus Gloger 1941 [siamang]
+
Symphalangus syndactylus Raffles 1822 [siamang]
Invalid names: Siamanga Gray 1843 [synonym]
G. †Yuanmoupithecus Pan 2006
+
G. †Langsonia Schwartz et al. 1995
+
†Langsonia liquidens Schwartz et al. 1995
Fm. †Proconsulidae Leakey 1963
+
G. †Afropithecus Leakey and Leakey 1986
+
†Afropithecus turkanensis Leakey and Leakey 1986
G. †Heliopithecus Andrews and Martin 1987
G. †Morotopithecus Gebo et al. 1997
+
†Morotopithecus bishopi Gebo et al. 1997
G. †Nacholapithecus Ishida et al. 1999
+
†Nacholapithecus kerioi Ishida et al. 1999
G. †Nyanzapithecus Harrison 1987
+
†Nyanzapithecus alesi Nengo et al. 2017
†Nyanzapithecus harrisoni Kunimatsu 1997
†Nyanzapithecus pickfordi Harrison 1986
G. †Proconsul Hopwood 1933
+
†Proconsul africanus Hopwood 1933
†Proconsul gitongai Pickford and Kunimatsu 2005
†Proconsul major Le Gros Clark and Leakey 1950
†Proconsul meswae Harrison and Andrews 2009
Invalid names: Ugandapithecus Senut et al. 2000 [synonym]
G. †Rangwapithecus Andrews 1974
+
†Rangwapithecus gordoni Andrews 1974
G. †Turkanapithecus Leakey and Leakey 1986
+
†Turkanapithecus kalakolensis Leakey and Leakey 1986
G. †Xenopithecus Hopwood 1933
+
Invalid names: Proconsulinae Leakey 1963 [empty]
G. †Rukwapithecus Stevens et al. 2013
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†Rukwapithecus fleaglei Stevens et al. 2013
G. †Samburupithecus Ishida and Pickford 1997
+
†Samburupithecus kiptalami Ishida and Pickford 1997
G. †Kalepithecus Harrison 1989
+
†Kalepithecus songhorensis Andrews 1978
G. †Kamoyapithecus Leakey et al. 1995
+
†Kamoyapithecus hamiltoni Madden 1980
G. †Kogolepithecus Pickford et al. 2003
+
†Kogolepithecus morotoensis Pickford et al. 2003
G. †Pliobates Alba et al. 2015
+
†Pliobates cataloniae Alba et al. 2015
Superfm. †Pliopithecoidea Zapfe 1961
+
G. †Lomorupithecus Rossie and MacLatchy 2006
+
†Lomorupithecus harrisoni Rossie and MacLatchy 2006
Fm. †Pliopithecidae Zapfe 1961
+
Subfm. †Dionysopithecinae Harrison and Gu 1999
+
G. †Dionysopithecus Li 1978
G. †Platodontopithecus Gu and Lin 1983
Subfm. †Pliopithecinae Zapfe 1961
+
Tr. †Crouzeliini Ginsburg and Mein 1980
Tr. †Pliopithecini Zapfe 1961
Invalid names: Crouzeliidae Begun 2002 [empty]
Fm. †Propliopithecidae Straus 1961
+
G. †Aegyptopithecus Simons 1965
+
†Aegyptopithecus zeuxis Simons 1965
G. †Oligopithecus Simons 1962
+
†Oligopithecus rogeri Gheerbrant et al. 1995
†Oligopithecus savagei Simons 1962
G. †Propliopithecus Schlosser 1911
+
†Propliopithecus ankeli Simons et al. 1987
†Propliopithecus haeckeli Schlosser 1911
+
Invalid names: Moeripithecus markgrafi Schlosser 1910 [synonym]
Invalid names: Aeolopithecus Simons 1965 [synonym], Moeripithecus Schlosser 1910 [synonym]
Superfm. †Saadanioidea Zalmout et al. 2010
+
Fm. †Saadaniidae Zalmout et al. 2010
+
G. †Saadanius Zalmout et al. 2010
+
†Saadanius hijazensis Zalmout et al. 2010
Invalid names: Eucatarrhini Delson 1977 [empty], Kansupithecus Bohlin 1946 [nomen nudum], Krishnapithecus Ginsburg and Mein 1980 [nomen dubium], Krishnapithecus krishnaii Chopra and Kaul 1979 [nomen dubium], Nyanzapithecinae Harrison 2002 [empty], Propliopithecoidea Simons 1965 [empty]
Fm. †Eosimiidae Beard et al. 1994
+
G. †Ashaninkacebus Marivaux et al. 2023
+
†Ashaninkacebus simpsoni Marivaux et al. 2023
G. †Bahinia Jaeger et al. 1999
+
†Bahinia banyueae Ni et al. 2016
†Bahinia pondaungensis Jaeger et al. 1999
+
Invalid names: Eosimias paukkaungensis Takai et al. 2005 [synonym]
G. †Eosimias Beard et al. 1994
+
†Eosimias centennicus Beard et al. 1996
†Eosimias dawsonae Beard and Wang 2004
†Eosimias sinensis Beard et al. 1994
G. †Phenacopithecus Beard and Wang 2004
+
†Phenacopithecus krishtalkai Beard and Wang 2004
†Phenacopithecus xueshii Beard and Wang 2004
G. †Phileosimias Marivaux et al. 2005
+
†Phileosimias brahuiorum Marivaux et al. 2005
†Phileosimias kamali Marivaux et al. 2005
G. †Sungulusimias Metais et al. 2023
+
†Sungulusimias unayae Metais et al. 2023
Superfm. Neopithecini Wortman 1903
+
Fm. Simiidae Bonaparte 1850
+
G. †Palaeosimia Pilgrim 1915
+
†Palaeosimia rugosidens Pilgrim 1915
Invalid names: Cynocephalina Gray 1825 [empty]
Fm. †Oligopithecidae Simons 1989
+
G. †Catopithecus Simons 1989
+
†Catopithecus browni Simons 1989
G. †Talahpithecus Jaeger et al. 2010
+
†Talahpithecus parvus Jaeger et al. 2010
Infraor. †Parapithecoidea Schlosser 1911
+
G. †Arsinoea Simons 1992
+
†Arsinoea kallimos Simons 1992
Fm. †Parapithecidae Schlosser 1911
+
G. †Biretia de Bonis et al. 1988
+
†Biretia fayumensis Seiffert et al. 2005
†Biretia megalopsis Seiffert et al. 2005
†Biretia piveteaui de Bonis et al. 1988
G. †Lokonepithecus Ducrocq et al. 2011
+
†Lokonepithecus manai Ducrocq et al. 2011
Subfm. †Parapithecinae Schlosser 1911
+
G. †Parapithecus Schlosser 1911
+
†Parapithecus fraasi Schlosser 1911
G. †Simonsius Gingerich 1978
+
†Simonsius grangeri Simons 1974
†Simonsius harujensis Mattingly et al. 2021
Subfm. †Qatraniinae Kay and Williams 1994
+
G. †Apidium Osborn 1908
+
†Apidium bowni Simons 1995
†Apidium kraeusei Kiesow 1896
†Apidium moustafai Simons 1962
†Apidium phiomense Osborn 1908
†Apidium phiomensis Osborn 1908
†Apidium zuetina Beard et al. 2016
G. †Qatrania Simons and Kay 1983
+
†Qatrania basiodontos Simons et al. 2001
†Qatrania fleaglei Simons and Kay 1988
†Qatrania wingi Simons and Kay 1983
Invalid names: Abuqatrania Simons et al. 2001 [synonym]
G. †Ucayalipithecus Seiffert et al. 2020
+
†Ucayalipithecus perdita Seiffert et al. 2020
G. †Perupithecus Bond et al. 2015
+
†Perupithecus ucayaliensis Bond et al. 2015
Infraor. Platyrrhini Geoffroy 1812 [monkey]
+
Fm. Atelidae Gray 1825
+
G. Alouatta Lacépède 1799 [howler monkey]
+
Alouatta arctoidea Cabrera 1940 [ursine howler monkey]
Alouatta belzebul Linnaeus 1766 [red-handed howler]
Alouatta caraya Humboldt 1812 [black howler]
Alouatta coibensis Thomas 1902
Alouatta discolor Spix 1823 [Spix's red-handed howler monkey]
Alouatta guariba Humboldt 1811 [brown howler monkey]
Alouatta macconnelli Elliot 1910 [guyanan red howler monkey]
†Alouatta mauroi Tejedor et al. 2008
Alouatta nigerrima Lönnberg 1941
Alouatta palliatus Gray 1849 [mantled howler]
Alouatta pigra Lawrence 1933
Alouatta sara Elliot 1910 [Bolivian red howler]
Alouatta seniculus Linnaeus 1766 [Venezuelan red howler]
Alouatta seniculus juara Elliot 1910 [Juruá red howler]
Alouatta ululata Eliot 1912
Invalid names: Mycetes Illiger 1811 [synonym]
G. Ateles Geoffroy 1806
+
Ateles belzebuth Geoffroy 1806
Ateles chamek Humboldt 1811 [black-faced spider monkey]
Ateles fusciceps Gray 1866 [black-headed spider monkey]
+
Ateles fusciceps robustus Allen 1914 [Colombian black spider monkey]
+
Invalid names: Ateles dariensis Goldman 1915 [synonym]
+
Invalid names: Ateles vellerosus Sclater 1871 [replaced]
Ateles geoffroyi Kuhl 1820 [black-handed spider monkey]
+
Ateles geoffroyi vellerosus Gray 1866 [Mexican spider monkey]
+
Invalid names: Ateles neglectus Reinhardt 1873 [synonym], Ateles tricolor Hollister 1914 [synonym]
Ateles hybridus Geoffroy 1829
Ateles marginatus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809 [white-cheeked spider monkey]
Ateles paniscus Linnaeus 1758 [red-faced spider monkey]
+
Invalid names: Ateles ater Cuvier 1823 [synonym]
Subfm. Atelinae Gray 1825
+
Tr. Atelini Gray 1825
+
Invalid names: Brachytelina Gray 1825 [empty]
G. †Caipora Cartelle and Hartwig 1996
+
†Caipora bambuiorum Cartelle and Hartwig 1996
G. †Protopithecus Lund 1838
+
†Protopithecus bonaeriensis Gervais and Ameghino 1880
G. †Solimoea Kay and Cozzuol 2006
+
†Solimoea acrensis Kay and Cozzuol 2006
G. †Stirtonia Hershkovitz 1970
+
†Stirtonia tatacoensis Hershkovitz 1970
+
Invalid names: Homunculus tatacoensis Stirton 1951 [synonym], Kondous laventicus Setoguchi 1985 [synonym]
†Stirtonia victoriae Kay et al. 1987
Invalid names: Kondous Setoguchi 1985 [synonym]
G. Brachyteles Spix 1823 [woolly spider monkey]
+
Brachyteles arachnoides Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809 [southern muriqui]
G. Lagothrix Geoffroy [woolly monkey]
+
Lagothrix cana Geoffroy 1812 [gray wooly monkey]
+
Invalid names: Gastrimargus olivaceus Spix 1823 [synonym]
Lagothrix flavicauda Humboldt 1812
+
Invalid names: Lagothrix (Oreonax) hendeei Thomas 1927 [synonym]
Lagothrix lagotricha Humboldt 1812 [brown woolly monkey]
+
Invalid names: Lagothrix humboldtii Geoffroy 1812 [synonym]
Lagothrix lugens Elliot 1907
Lagothrix poeppigii Schinz 1844
Invalid names: Gastrimargus Spix 1823 [synonym], Lagothrix (Oreonax) Thomas 1927 [invalid subgroup]
Invalid names: Alouattinae Elliott 1904 [empty]
Superfm. Ateloidea Gray 1825
+
Tr. Aotini Poche 1904
+
G. Aotus Illiger 1811
+
Aotus azarae Humboldt 1811 [Azara's night monkey]
Aotus brumbacki Hershkovitz 1983 [Brumback's Night Monkey]
†Aotus dindensis Setoguchi and Rosenberger 1987
Aotus griseimembra Elliot 1912
Aotus jorgehernandezi Defler and Bueno 2007 [Hernández Camacho's night monkey]
Aotus lemurinus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1843
Aotus miconax Thomas 1927 [Peruvian night monkey]
Aotus nancymaae Hershkovitz 1983 [Nancy Ma's night monkey]
Aotus nigriceps Dollman 1909
Aotus trivirgatus Humboldt 1811 [three-striped night monkey]
Aotus vociferans Spix 1823
Aotus zonalis Goldman 1914
G. †Insulacebus Cooke et al. 2011
+
†Insulacebus toussaintiana Cooke et al. 2011
G. †Xenothrix Williams and Koopman 1952
+
†Xenothrix mcgregori Williams and Koopman 1952
G. †Carlocebus Fleagle 1990
+
†Carlocebus carmenensis Fleagle 1990
†Carlocebus intermedius Fleagle 1990
Fm. †Cebidae Savage 1951
+
G. †Acrecebus Kay and Cozzuol 2006
+
†Acrecebus fraileyi Kay and Cozzuol 2006
Subfm. †Branisellinae Hershkovitz 1977
+
G. †Branisella Hoffstetter 1969
+
†Branisella boliviana Hoffstetter 1969
+
Invalid names: Szalatavus attricuspis Rosenberger et al. 1991 [synonym]
Invalid names: Szalatavus Rosenberger et al. 1991 [synonym]
Subfm. Callitrichinae Gray 1821
+
G. Callimico Miranda-Ribeiro 1911
+
Callimico goeldii Thomas 1904 [Goeldi's marmoset]
+
Invalid names: Callimico snethlageri Miranda-Ribeiro 1911 [synonym]
G. Callithrix Erxleben 1777
+
Callithrix aurita Geoffroy 1812
Callithrix geoffroyi Humboldt 1811
Callithrix jacchus Linnaeus 1758 [common marmoset]
Callithrix kuhlii Coimbra-Filho 1985
Callithrix penicillata Geoffroy 1812
Invalid names: Hapale Illiger 1811 [synonym], Sagoinus Kerr 1792 [synonym]
G. Cebuella Gray 1865 [pygmy marmoset]
+
Cebuella pygmaea Spix 1823 [pygmy marmoset]
G. Jacchus Geoffroy 1812
+
Jacchus oedipus Linnaeus 1758
Tr. †Lagonimiconini Kay 1994
+
G. †Lagonimico Kay 1994
G. Leontopithecus Lesson 1840
+
Leontopithecus caissara Lorini and Persson 1990
Leontopithecus lagonotus Jimenez de la Espada 1870
Leontopithecus oedipus Linnaeus 1758 [cottontop tamarin]
Leontopithecus rosalia Linnaeus 1766
G. Mico Lesson 1840
+
Mico acariensis van Roosmalen et al. 2000
Mico argentatus Linnaeus 1771 [silvery marmoset]
Mico chrysoleucus Wagner 1842
Mico emiliae Thomas 1920 [Emilia's marmoset]
Mico humeralifera Geoffroy 1812
Mico humilis Van Roosmalen et al. 1998
Mico intermedius Hershkovitz 1977
Mico leucippe Thomas 1922
Mico manicorensis van Roosmalen et al. 2000
Mico marcai Alperin 1993
Mico mauesi Mittermeier et al. 1992
Mico melanurus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1812
Mico nigriceps Ferrari and Lopes 1992
Mico rondoni Ferrari et al. 2010
Mico saterei Silva Jr and de Almeida Noronha 1998
G. †Micodon Setoguchi and Rosenberger 1985 [marmoset]
+
†Micodon kiotensis Setoguchi and Rosenberger 1985
G. †Patasola Kay and Meldrum 1997
+
†Patasola magdalenae Kay and Meldrum 1997
G. Saguinus Hoffmannsegg 1807
+
Saguinus bicolor Spix 1823
Saguinus geoffroyi Pucheran 1845
Saguinus graellsi Jimenez de la Espada 1870
Saguinus imperator Goeldi 1907
Saguinus inustus Schwartz 1951
Saguinus labiatus Geoffroy 1812
Saguinus leucopus Günther 1877
Saguinus martinsi Thomas 1912
Saguinus melanoleucus Miranda Ribeiro 1912
Saguinus midas Linnaeus 1758 [red-handed tamarin]
Saguinus mystax Spix 1823 [Spix's moustached tamarin]
Saguinus niger Geoffroy 1803
Saguinus ursulus von Hoffmannsegg 1807
Invalid names: Leontocebus Wagner 1840 [synonym]
Subfm. Cebinae
+
G. Cebus Erxleben 1777 [capuchin monkey]
+
Cebus albifrons Humboldt 1811 [white-fronted capuchin]
Cebus annellatus Gray 1865
Cebus brunneus Allen 1914 [Brown weeper capuchin]
Cebus capillatus Gray 1865
Cebus capucinus Linnaeus 1758 [capuchin monkey]
+
Invalid names: Cebus hypoleucus Geoffroy 1812 [synonym]
Cebus cesarae Hershkovitz 1949 [Río Cesar White-fronted Capuchin]
Cebus cuscinus Thomas 1901
Cebus imitator Thomas 1903 [Panamanian white faced capuchin]
Cebus kaapori Queiroz 1992
Cebus leucocephalus Gray 1865 [Sierra de Perijá white-fronted capuchin]
Cebus leucogenys Gray 1865
Cebus malitiosus Elliot 1907
Cebus nigrivittatus Wagner 1848
Cebus olivaceus Schomburgk 1848
Cebus unicolor Spix 1823 [Spix's white-fronted capuchin]
+
Invalid names: Cebus flavescens Gray 1865 [synonym]
Cebus versicolor Pucheran 1845 [varied capuchin]
Cebus yuracus Hershkovitz 1949 [Maranon white fronted capuchin]
G. †Dolichocebus Bordas 1942
+
†Dolichocebus annectens Rosenberger et al. 1991
†Dolichocebus gaimanensis Bordas 1942
G. †Panamacebus Bloch et al. 2016
+
†Panamacebus transitus Bloch et al. 2016
G. Saimiri Voigt 1831 [squirrel monkey]
+
Saimiri boliviensis Geoffroy Saint-Hillaire and de Blainville 1834
Saimiri collinsi Osgood 1916
Saimiri macrodon Elliot 1907
+
Invalid names: Saimiri caquetensis Allen 1916 [synonym]
Saimiri oerstedii Reinhardt 1872
Saimiri sciureus Linnaeus 1758 [common squirrel monkey]
Saimiri ustus Geoffroy 1843 [bare-eared squirrel monkey]
Saimiri vanzolinii Ayres 1985
Invalid names: Neosaimiri Stirton 1951 [synonym], Simia morta Linnaeus 1758 [nomen dubium]
G. Sapajus Kerr 1792
+
Sapajus apella Linnaeus 1758 [tufted capuchin]
+
Cebus apella margaritae Hollister 1914
Sapajus cay Illiger 1815
Sapajus flavius Schreber 1774
Sapajus libidinosus von Spix 1823
Sapajus nigritus Goldfuss 1809
Sapajus robustus Kuhl 1820
Sapajus xanthosternos Wied-Neuwied 1826
Invalid names: Simia (Sapajus) capucinus albulus Kerr 1792 [synonym]
Subfm. †Tremacebinae Hershkovitz 1974
+
G. †Tremacebus Hershkovitz 1974
+
†Tremacebus harringtoni Rusconi 1933
Invalid names: Cebupithecinae Hershkovitz 1974 [empty], Saimiriinae Hershkovitz 1974 [empty], Stirtoninae Hershkovitz 1970 [empty]
G. †Chilecebus Flynn et al. 1995
+
†Chilecebus carrascoensis Flynn et al. 1995
Fm. †Homunculidae Ameghino 1901
+
G. †Homunculus Ameghino 1891
+
†Homunculus patagonicus Ameghino 1891
+
Invalid names: Anthropops perfectus Ameghino 1891 [synonym], Ecphantodon ceboides Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Homunculus ameghinoi Bluntschli 1931 [synonym], Killikaike blakei Tejedor et al. 2006 [synonym], Pitheculus australis Ameghino 1894 [synonym], Stilotherium grande Ameghino 1894 [synonym]
†Homunculus vizcainoi Kay and Perry 2019
Invalid names: Anthropops Ameghino 1891 [synonym], Ecphantodon Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Killikaike Tejedor et al. 2006 [synonym], Pitheculus Ameghino 1894 [synonym]
Subfm. †Soriacebinae Kay 2010
+
G. †Canaanimico Marivaux et al. 2016
+
†Canaanimico amazonensis Marivaux et al. 2016
G. †Mazzonicebus Kay 2010
+
G. †Soriacebus Fleagle et al. 1987
+
†Soriacebus adrianae Fleagle 1990
†Soriacebus ameghinorum Fleagle et al. 1987
G. †Parvimico Kay et al. 2019
+
†Parvimico materdei Kay et al. 2019
Fm. Pitheciidae Mivart 1865
+
G. †Antillothrix MacPhee et al. 1995
+
†Antillothrix bernensis Rimoli 1977
G. Cacajao Lesson 1840 [uakari]
+
Cacajao calvus Geoffroy 1847 [bald uacari]
Cacajao hosomi Boubli et al. 2008
Cacajao melanocephalus Humboldt 1811 [black-headed uacari]
+
Invalid names: Ouakaria spixii Gray 1849 [synonym]
Cacajao melanocephalus ayresi Boubli et al. 2008
Cacajao ouakary Spix 1823 [olden-backed black-faced uacari]
Invalid names: Brachyurus Spix 1823 [replaced], Cercoptochus Gloger 1842 [synonym], Cothurus Palmer 1899 [synonym], Neocothurus Palmer 1903 [synonym], Ouakaria Gray 1849 [synonym], Uacaria Flower and Lydekker 1891 [synonym]
Subfm. Callicebinae Pocock 1925
+
G. Callicebus Thomas 1903 [titi]
+
Callicebus barbarabrownae Hershkovitz 1990 [Barbara Browns titi]
Callicebus coimbrai Kobayashi and Langguth 1999
Callicebus melanochir Wied-Neuwied 1820 [Southern Bahian titi]
Callicebus personatus Geoffroy 1812
G. Cheracebus Byrne et al. 2016 [titi monkeys]
+
Cheracebus lucifer Thomas 1914
Cheracebus lugens Humboldt 1811
Cheracebus medemi Hershkovitz 1963
Cheracebus purinus Thomas 1927
Cheracebus regulus Thomas 1927
Cheracebus torquatus Hoffmannsegg 1807
G. †Miocallicebus Takai et al. 2001
+
†Miocallicebus villaviejai Takai et al. 2001
G. Plecturocebus Byrne et al. 2016
+
Plecturocebus aureipalatii Wallace et al. 2006
Plecturocebus baptista Lönnberg 1939
Plecturocebus bernhardi van Roosmalen et al. 2002
+
Invalid names: Callicebus dubius Hershkovitz 1988 [synonym]
Plecturocebus caquetensis Defler et al. 2010
Plecturocebus discolor Geoffroy Saint-Hillaire and Deville 1848
Plecturocebus miltoni Dalponte et al. 2014
Plecturocebus modestus Lönnberg 1939
Plecturocebus moloch Hoffmannsegg 1807
Plecturocebus olallae Lönnberg 1939
Plecturocebus stephennashi van Roosmalen et al. 2002
Plecturocebus urubambensis Vermeer and Tello-Alvarado 2015
Plecturocebus vieirai Gualda-Barros et al. 2012
G. Chiropotes Lesson 1840 [bearded saki]
+
Chiropotes albinasus Geoffroy and Deville 1848 [white-nosed saki]
+
Invalid names: Cacajao roosevelti Allen 1914 [synonym]
Chiropotes chiropotes Humboldt 1811
Chiropotes satanas Hoffmannsegg 1807
Chiropotes utahickae Hershkovitz 1985
G. †Mohanamico Luchterhand et al. 1986
+
†Mohanamico hershkovitzi Luchterhand et al. 1986
G. †Paralouatta Rivero and Amedondo 1991
+
†Paralouatta marianae MacPhee et al. 2003
†Paralouatta varonai Rivero and Arredondo 1991
G. Pithecia Desmarest 1804 [saki]
+
Pithecia aequatorialis Hershkovitz 1987
Pithecia cazuzai Marsh 2014
Pithecia chrysocephala Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1850
Pithecia hirsuta Spix 1823
Pithecia inusta Spix 1823
Pithecia isabela Marsh 2014
Pithecia milleri Allen 1914
Pithecia monachus Geoffroy 1812 [monk saki]
Pithecia napensis Lönnberg 1938
Pithecia pithecia Linnaeus 1766
Pithecia rylandsi Marsh 2014
Pithecia vanzolinii Hershkovitz 1987
Tr. Pitheciini Gray 1849
+
G. †Cebupithecia Stirton and Savage 1950
+
†Cebupithecia sarmientoi Stirton and Savage 1950
G. †Nuciruptor Meldrum and Kay 1997
+
†Nuciruptor rubricae Meldrum and Kay 1997
G. †Proteropithecia Kay et al. 1999
+
†Proteropithecia neuquenensis Kay et al. 1998
Invalid names: Xenotrichidae Hershkovitz 1970 [empty]
Fm. †Proteopithecidae Simons 1997
+
G. †Proteopithecus Simons 1989
+
†Proteopithecus sylviae Simons 1989
G. †Serapia Simons 1992
+
†Serapia eocaena Simons 1992
Invalid names: Paleopithecini Wortman 1903 [empty], Simiiformes Hofstetter 1977 [synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: phosphaticsubp
Maximum body mass: 4.5 kgs
Minimum body mass: 480 gs
Environment: terrestrialsubc
Locomotion: actively mobilec
Life habit: arborealo
Diet: omnivoreo
Reproduction: viviparoussubc
Created: 2005-08-26 13:27:51
Modified: 2005-08-26 15:27:51
Source: s = species, o = order, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum
References: Hendy et al. 2009, Nowak 1999, Carroll 1988, Kay et al. 1998, Kay and Cozzuol 2006, Meldrum and Kay 1997, Kay and Meldrum 1997, Ji et al. 2002, Lillegraven 1979, Fleagle 1990

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Lutetian to the top of the Holocene or 48.07000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 41.03 Ma

Collections (1017 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Sharamurunian56.0 - 37.71China (Henan) Eosimias centennicus (41120) Phenacopithecus krishtalkai (74477)
Sharamurunian56.0 - 37.71China (Shanxi) Eosimias centennicus (41116) Eosimias dawsonae (74475) Phenacopithecus xueshii (74476)
Lutetian48.07 - 41.03Namibia (Sperrgebiet) Namaia bogenfelsi (149173)
Middle Eocene48.07 - 37.71China (Jiangsu) Eosimias sinensis (37493)
Middle Eocene - Late/Upper Eocene48.07 - 33.9Libya (Sirt) Afrotarsius libycus, Talahpithecus parvus, Biretia piveteaui (175361)
Bartonian41.03 - 37.71Myanmar Afrasia djijidae (78057) Amphipithecus mogaungensis (41287) Amphipithecus moggaungensis, Pondaungia cotteri (41456) Aseanpithecus myanmarensis, Pondaungia sp., Afrasia djijidae, Eosimias paukkaungensis (41393) Myanmarpithecus yarshensis, Amphipithecus mogaungensis (41333) Myanmarpithecus yarshensis, Bahinia pondaungensis, Amphipithecus sp. (41331) Pondaungia sp. (41336) Pondaungia sp., Pondaungia minuta (41283)
Bartonian41.03 - 37.71Myanmar (Magwe) Ganlea megacanina (90035)
Bartonian41.03 - 37.71Myanmar (Magway Division) Afrasia djijidae (83522) Pondaungia cotteri (75077)
Bartonian41.03 - 37.71Tunisia (Sidi Bouzid Township) Amamria tunisiensis (173640)
Bartonian - Priabonian41.03 - 33.9Algeria Anthropoidea indet., Biretia piveteaui (59733)
Late/Upper Eocene37.71 - 33.9China (Nei Mongol) Eosimias sp. (174913 174914)
Late/Upper Eocene37.71 - 33.9Thailand Amphipithecidae indet., Siamopithecus eocaenus (49078) Siamopithecus eocaenus (88358) Siamopithecus eocaenus, Krabia minutua (13127)
Priabonian37.71 - 33.9Egypt Biretia megalopsis, Biretia fayumensis (67706)
Late/Upper Eocene - Early/Lower Oligocene37.71 - 27.3Türkiye (Ardahan) Sungulusimias unayae (79072)
Late/Upper Eocene - Early/Lower Oligocene37.71 - 27.3Brazil (Acre) Ashaninkacebus simpsoni (230905)
Early/Lower Oligocene33.9 - 27.3Oman (Dhofar) Oligopithecinae indet. (175334) Propliopithecidae indet., Moeripithecus markgrafi, Oligopithecus rogeri, Parapithecidae indet., Apidium indet. (162464)
Early/Lower Oligocene33.9 - 27.3China (Yunnan) Bahinia banyueae (175142)
Early/Lower Oligocene33.9 - 27.3Libya (Sirt Basin) Apidium zuetina, Simonsius harujensis (166446)
Early/Lower Oligocene33.9 - 27.3Pakistan (Balochistan) Bugtipithecus inexpectans, Phileosimias brahuiorum, Phileosimias kamali (78520)
Rupelian33.9 - 27.3Angola (Cabinda) Anthropoidea indet. (56682)