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Equinae
Taxonomy
Equinae was named by Steinmann and Döderlein (1890) [also attributed to Gray 1821]. It is extant. It was considered monophyletic by MacFadden (1998).
It was assigned to Equidae by Hay (1902), Gidley (1907), Lance (1950), Quinn (1955), Forsten (1975), Manning and MacFadden (1989), Prothero and Schoch (1989), Baskin (1991), Koufos (1992), Kelly (1995), Prado and Alberdi (1996), MacFadden (1998), Bravo-Cuevas and Ferrusquía-Villafranca (2006), Bravo-Cuevas and Ferrusquia-Villafranca (2008), Alberdi et al. (2014), Ferrusquía-Villafranca et al. (2014), Dos Santos Avilla et al. (2015).
It was assigned to Equidae by Hay (1902), Gidley (1907), Lance (1950), Quinn (1955), Forsten (1975), Manning and MacFadden (1989), Prothero and Schoch (1989), Baskin (1991), Koufos (1992), Kelly (1995), Prado and Alberdi (1996), MacFadden (1998), Bravo-Cuevas and Ferrusquía-Villafranca (2006), Bravo-Cuevas and Ferrusquia-Villafranca (2008), Alberdi et al. (2014), Ferrusquía-Villafranca et al. (2014), Dos Santos Avilla et al. (2015).
Subtaxa
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1854 | Hippodon Leidy p. 90 |
| 1856 | Hipparion (Hippodon) Leidy p. 311 |
| 1878 | Stylonus Cope |
| 1890 | Equinae Steinmann and Döderlein |
| 1902 | Equinae Hay p. 616 |
| 1907 | Equinae Gidley p. 867 |
| 1950 | Equinae Lance |
| 1955 | Equinae Quinn |
| 1955 | Hippodon Quinn p. 13 |
| 1975 | Equinae Forsten p. 22 |
| 1988 | Stylonus Kelly and Lander |
| 1989 | Equinae Manning and MacFadden p. 37 |
| 1989 | Equinae Prothero and Schoch p. 531 |
| 1991 | Equinae Baskin p. 999 |
| 1992 | Equinae Koufos |
| 1995 | Equinae Kelly p. 3 |
| 1996 | Equinae Prado and Alberdi p. 676 |
| 1998 | Equinae MacFadden p. 547 |
| 2006 | Equinae Bravo-Cuevas and Ferrusquía-Villafranca p. 776 |
| 2008 | Equinae Bravo-Cuevas and Ferrusquia-Villafranca |
| 2014 | Equinae Alberdi et al. |
| 2014 | Equinae Ferrusquía-Villafranca et al. p. 204 |
| 2015 | Equinae Dos Santos Avilla et al. pp. 925909-3 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Subfm. Equinae Steinmann and Döderlein 1890
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G. †Acritohippus Kelly 1995
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†Acritohippus isonesus Cope 1889
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†Merychippus isonesus quartus Osborn 1918
†Merychippus isonesus quintus Osborn 1918
†Merychippus isonesus tertius Osborn 1918
Invalid names: Merychippus praecocidens Russell 1933 [synonym]
†Acritohippus quinni Kelly 1995
†Acritohippus stylodontus Merriam 1919
†Acritohippus tertius Osborn 1918
Tr. Equini Quinn 1955 [horse]
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G. †Boreohippidion Dos Santos Avilla et al. 2015
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†Boreohippidion galushai MacFadden and Skinner 1979
G. †Calippus Matthew and Stirton 1930
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Subg. †Calippus (Calippus) Matthew and Stirton 1930
Subg. †Calippus (Grammohippus) Hulbert, Jr. 1988
†Calippus cerasinus Hulbert, Jr. 1988
†Calippus circulus Quinn 1955
†Calippus elachistus Hulbert, Jr. 1988
†Calippus maccartyi Hulbert, Jr. 1988
G. †Dinohippus Quinn 1955
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†Dinohippus interpolatus Cope 1893
†Dinohippus leardi Drescher 1941
†Dinohippus mexicanus Lance 1950
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Invalid names: Equus (Dolichohippus) mesamexicanus Mooser 1973 [synonym], Hippotigris ocotensis Mooser 1958 [synonym], Protohippus muelleri Mooser 1964 [synonym]
†Dinohippus osborni Frick 1921
†Dinohippus spectans Cope 1880
†Dinohippus subvenus Quinn 1955
G. Equus Linnaeus 1758 [horse]
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†Equus (Asinus) cumminsi Cope 1893
Subg. †Equus (Hesperohippus) Hibbard 1955
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†Equus (Hesperohippus) mexicanus Hibbard 1955
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Invalid names: Equus midlandensis Quinn 1957 [synonym], Onager oviedoi Mooser 1959 [synonym]
Equus africanus Heuglin and Fitzinger 1866 [African wild ass]
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Equus africanus africanus Heuglin and Fitzinger 1866 [Nubian wild ass]
Equus africanus somaliensis Noack 1884 [Somali wild ass]
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Invalid names: Equus asinus aethiopicus Denman 1957 [synonym]
Invalid names: Asinus asinus dianae Dollman 1935 [synonym]
Equus asinus Linnaeus 1758 [donkey]
†Equus australis Moreno 1888
Equus caballus Linnaeus 1758 [horse]
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Equus caballus ferus Boddaert 1785
Invalid names: Equus (Amerhippus) neogeus Lund 1840 [synonym], Equus hippagrus Smith 1841 [synonym]
†Equus calobatus Troxell 1915
†Equus capensis Broom 1909
†Equus cedralensis Alberdi et al. 2014
†Equus coliemensis Lazarev 1980
†Equus complicatus Leidy 1858
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Invalid names: Equus americanus Leidy 1847 [replaced], Equus eous Cope 1895 [synonym], Equus major DeKay 1842 [synonym]
†Equus conversidens Owen 1869
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Invalid names: Equus barcenaei Cope 1884 [synonym], Onager zoyatalis Mooser 1959 [synonym]
†Equus eisenmannae Qiu et al. 2004
†Equus excelsus Leidy 1858
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Invalid names: Asinus aguascalentensis Mooser 1959 [synonym], Onager arellanoi Mooser 1959 [synonym], Onager hibbardi Mooser 1959 [synonym]
†Equus francisci Hay 1915
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Invalid names: Equus (Asinus) calobatus Troxell 1915 [synonym], Equus arrelanoi Mooser 1958 [synonym], Equus quinni Slaughter et al. 1962 [synonym]
†Equus fraternus Leidy 1858
†Equus fromanius Repenning et al. 1995
†Equus giganteus Gidley 1901
†Equus holmesi Hay 1920
†Equus intermedius Cope 1895
†Equus intermedius Rütimeyer 1877
†Equus jubatus Hay 1927
†Equus laurentius Hay 1913
†Equus mexicanus Hibbard 1955
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Invalid names: Equus occidentalis Leidy 1865 [synonym], Equus pacificus Leidy 1868 [synonym], Equus scotti Gidley 1900 [synonym]
†Equus nalaikhaensis Kuznetsova and Zhegallo 1996
†Equus nearcticus Blake 1863
†Equus nevadanus Hay 1927
†Equus niobrarensis Hay 1913
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†Equus niobrarensis alaskae Winans 1989
Invalid names: Equus hatcheri Hay 1915 [synonym]
†Equus nobisi Pichardo 2004
†Equus pectinatus Cope 1901
Equus przewalskii Poliakov 1881 [Przewalski's horse]
Equus quagga Boddaert 1785 [plains zebra]
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Equus quagga boehmi Matschie 1892
Equus quagga borensis Lönnberg 1922
Equus quagga burchelli Gray 1824 [Burchell's zebra]
Equus quagga crawshayi De Winton 1896
Equus quagga quagga Boddaert 1785
Equus quagga chapmani Layard 1865
†Equus sanmeniensis Teilhard de Chardin and Piveteau 1930
†Equus santaeelenae Spillmann 1938
†Equus sivalensis Falconer and Cautley 1849
†Equus tabeti Arambourg 1970
†Equus yunnanensis Colbert 1940
Equus zebra Linnaeus 1758 [mountain zebra]
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Equus zebra hartmannae Matschie 1898 [Hartmann's mountain zebra]
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Invalid names: Equus matschiei Zukowsky 1924 [synonym], Equus penricei Thomas 1900 [synonym]
Equus zebra zebra Linnaeus 1758 [Cape mountain zebra]
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Invalid names: Equus campestris Gray 1852 [synonym], Equus indica Trouessart 1898 [synonym], Equus montanus Burchell 1822 [synonym], Equus zebra frederici Trouessart 1905 [synonym]
Invalid names: Allozebra Trumler 1961 [synonym], Asinus Gray 1822 [synonym], Asinus africanus aegyptiacus Heuglin and Fitzinger 1866 [synonym], Dolichohippus Heller 1912 [synonym], Equus (Amerhippus) Hoffstetter 1950 [invalid subgroup], Equus (Parastilidequus) Mooser and Dalquest 1975 [invalid subgroup], Equus africanus somalicus Sclater 1884 [synonym], Equus leidyi Hay 1913 [nomen vanum], Equus parastylidens Mooser 1959 [nomen dubium], Equus semiplicatus Cope 1893 [nomen dubium], Equus taeniopus Heuglin 1861 [nomen dubium], Haringtonhippus Heintzman et al. 2017 [synonym], Hippotherium princeps Leidy 1890 [nomen dubium], Hippotigris Hamilton-Smith 1841 [synonym], Kolpohippus van Hoepen 1930 [synonym], Kraterohippus van Hoepen 1930 [synonym], Neohippus Abel 1913 [synonym], Onager Brisson 1762 [synonym], Sterrohippus van Hopen 1930 [synonym], Tomolabis Cope 1892 [synonym]
G. †Hippidion Owen 1869
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†Hippidion angulatus Ameghino 1889
†Hippidion saldiasi Roth 1899
†Hippidium bonaerense Ameghino 1907
†Hippidium entrerianum Ameghino 1886
Invalid names: Onohippidium Moreno 1891 [synonym], Parahipparion Ameghino 1904 [synonym]
G. †Parapliohippus Kelly 1995
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†Parapliohippus carrizoensis Dougherty 1940
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Invalid names: Merychippus tehachapiensis Buwalda and Lewis 1955 [synonym]
G. †Plesippus Matthew 1924
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†Equus (Plesippus) crenidens Cope 1884
†Plesippus francescana Frick 1921
†Plesippus idahoensis Merriam 1918
†Plesippus simplicidens Cope 1892
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Invalid names: Equus achates Hay and Cook 1930 [synonym], Equus pons Quinn 1958 [synonym], Equus shoshonensis Gidley 1930 [synonym], Equus tau Owen 1869 [synonym]
Subtr. Pliohippina Prado and Alberdi 1996
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G. †Pliohippus Marsh 1874
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†Pliohippus bakeri Azzaroli 1988
†Pliohippus coalingensis Merriam 1914
†Pliohippus nobilis Osborn 1918
†Pliohippus pernix Marsh 1874
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Invalid names: Pliohippus lullianus Troxell 1916 [synonym], Pliohippus robustus Marsh 1874 [synonym]
†Pliohippus potosinus Ferrusquía-Villafranca et al. 2014
†Pliohippus tehonensis Merriam 1915
Invalid names: Pliohippus gracilis Marsh 1892 [nomen dubium]
G. †Protohippus Leidy 1858
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Subg. †Protohippus (Calippus) Matthew and Stirton 1930
†Protohippus gidleyi Hulbert, Jr. 1988
†Protohippus parvulus Marsh 1868
†Protohippus perditus Leidy 1858
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†Protohippus perditus secundus Osborn 1918
Invalid names: Eoequus wilsoni Quinn 1955 [synonym], Protohippus profectus Cope 1889 [synonym]
†Protohippus supremus Leidy 1869
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Invalid names: Hippotigris clarendonensis Quinn 1955 [synonym], Hippotigris parastylus Quinn 1955 [synonym], Hippotigris sellardsi Quinn 1955 [synonym], Protohippus simus Gidley 1906 [synonym]
†Protohippus tantalus Merriam 1913
†Protohippus vetus Quinn 1955
Invalid names: Eoequus Quinn 1955 [synonym], Protohippus medius Cope 1892 [nomen dubium]
Invalid names: Equus proversus Merriam 1916 [nomen dubium], Protohippina Quinn 1955 [empty]
Tr. †Hipparionini Quinn 1955 [hipparionine horse]
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G. †Cormohipparion Skinner and MacFadden 1977
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Subg. †Cormohipparion (Cormohipparion) Hulbert 1988
Subg. †Cormohipparion (Notiocradohipparion) Hulbert 1988
†Cormohipparion emsliei Hulbert, Jr. 1988
†Cormohipparion fricki Woodburne 2007
†Cormohipparion goorisi MacFadden and Skinner 1981
†Cormohipparion johnsoni Woodburne 2007
†Cormohipparion matthewi Woodburne 2007
†Cormohipparion merriami Woodburne 2007
†Cormohipparion occidentale Leidy 1856
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Invalid names: Hipparion mohavense Merriam 1913 [synonym], Hipparion mohavense callodonte Merriam 1915 [synonym], Hipparion platystyle Merriam 1915 [synonym]
†Cormohipparion plicatile Leidy 1887
†Cormohipparion quinni Woodburne 1996
†Cormohipparion skinneri Woodburne 2007
†Cormohipparion sphenodus Cope 1889
G. †Eurygnathohippus Van Hoepen 1930
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†Eurygnathohippus afarense Eisenmann 1976
†Eurygnathohippus albertense Hopwood 1926
†Eurygnathohippus baardi Bone and Singer 1965
†Eurygnathohippus cornelianus van Hoepen 1930
†Eurygnathohippus hasumense Eisenmann 1983
†Eurygnathohippus libycum Pomel 1897
†Eurygnathohippus namaquense Haughton 1932
†Eurygnathohippus turkanense Hooijer and Maglio 1974
Invalid names: Notohipparion Haughton 1932 [synonym]
G. †Hipparion de Christol 1832
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†Hipparion campbelli Bernor 1985
†Hipparion chiai Liu et al. 1978
†Hipparion concudense Pirlot 1956
†Hipparion condoni Merriam 1915
†Hipparion crassum Gervais 1859
†Hipparion dietrichi Wehrli 1941
†Hipparion fissurae Crusafont and Sondaar 1971
†Hipparion forcei Richey 1948
†Hipparion gettyi Bernor 1985
†Hipparion gromovae Villalta and Crusafont 1957
†Hipparion laromae Pesquero et al. 2006
†Hipparion longipes Gromova 1952
†Hipparion macedonicum Koufos 1984
†Hipparion matthewi Abel 1926
†Hipparion mediterraneum Roth and Wagner 1855
†Hipparion minus Pavlow 1890
†Hipparion molayanense Zouhri 1992
†Hipparion periafricanum Villalta and Crusafont 1957
†Hipparion phlegrae Lazaridis and Tsoukala 2014
†Hipparion prostylum Gervais 1849
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Invalid names: Hipparion diplostylum Gervais 1849 [synonym], Hipparion mesostylum Gervais 1849 [synonym]
†Hipparion richthofeni Koken 1885
†Hipparion rocinantis Hernández Pacheco 1921
†Hipparion shirleyae MacFadden 1984
†Hipparion tehonense Merriam 1916
†Hipparion theniusi Melentis 1969
†Hipparion weihoense Liu et al. 1978
Invalid names: Hemihipparion Wehrli 1941 [synonym], Hipparion sellardsi Matthew and Stirton 1930 [nomen nudum], Hipparion sitifense Pomel 1897 [nomen dubium], Hipparitherium Christol 1847 [synonym], Stylohipparion van Hoepen 1932 [synonym]
G. †Nannippus Matthew 1926
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†Nannippus beckensis Dalquest and Donovan 1973
†Nannippus lenticularis Cope 1893
†Nannippus morgani Hulbert, Jr. 1993
†Nannippus peninsulatus Cope 1885
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Invalid names: Equus minutus Cope 1893 [synonym], Equus phlegon Hay 1899 [synonym], Hipparion cragini Hay 1917 [synonym], Nannippus hesperides Mooser 1968 [synonym], Nannippus montezumae Leidy 1882 [synonym]
†Nannippus westoni Simpson 1930
G. †Neohipparion Gidley 1903
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†Neohipparion affine Leidy 1869
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Invalid names: Hippotherium speciosum Leidy 1854 [synonym], Neohipparion dolichops Gidley 1906 [synonym], Neohipparion whitneyi Gidley 1903 [synonym]
†Neohipparion eurystyle Cope 1893
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Invalid names: Hesperohipparion stirtoni Dalquest 1981 [synonym], Hippotherium rectidens Cope 1886 [synonym], Neohipparion arellanoi Stirton 1955 [synonym], Neohipparion floresi Stirton 1955 [synonym], Neohipparion molle Merriam 1915 [synonym], Neohipparion monias Mooser 1963 [synonym], Neohipparion otomii Mooser 1959 [synonym], Neohipparion phosphorum Simpson 1930 [synonym]
†Neohipparion gidleyi Merriam 1915
†Neohipparion leptode Merriam 1915
†Neohipparion trampasense Edwards 1982
Invalid names: Hesperohipparion Dalquest 1981 [synonym], Neohipparion sanjuanensis Frick 1933 [nomen nudum]
G. †Pseudhipparion Ameghino 1904
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†Pseudhipparion curtivallum Quinn 1955
†Pseudhipparion gratum Leidy 1869
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†Hipparion gratum tehonense Merriam 1916
Invalid names: Neohipparion niobrarense Gidley 1906 [synonym]
†Pseudhipparion hessei Webb and Hulbert, Jr. 1986
†Pseudhipparion retrusum Cope 1889
†Pseudhipparion simpsoni Webb and Hulbert, Jr. 1986
†Pseudhipparion skinneri Webb and Hulbert, Jr. 1986
Invalid names: Griphippus Quinn 1955 [synonym]
Invalid names: Hipparion anthonyi Merriam 1916 [nomen dubium], Hippotherium sinclairi Wortman 1882 [nomen dubium]
G. †Merychippus Leidy 1856
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Subg. †Merychippus (Merychippus) Stirton 1940
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Invalid names: Merychippus (Merychippus) coalingensis Clark 1921 [nomen nudum]
†Merychippus brevidontus Bode 1935
†Merychippus calamarius Cope 1875
†Merychippus calamarius stylodontus Merriam 1919
†Merychippus californicus Merriam 1915
†Merychippus eohipparion Osborn 1918
†Merychippus eoplacidus Osborn 1918
†Merychippus gunteri Simpson 1930
†Merychippus labrosus Cope 1874
†Merychippus missouriensis Douglass 1908
†Merychippus patruus Osborn 1918
†Merychippus primus Osborn 1918
†Merychippus proparvulus Osborn 1918
†Merychippus quintus Osborn 1918
†Merychippus relictus Cope 1889
†Merychippus republicanus Osborn 1918
†Merychippus sejunctus Cope 1874
†Merychippus seversus Cope 1878
†Merychippus stevensi Dougherty 1940
Invalid names: Merychippus quartus Osborn 1918 [nomen vanum]
Invalid names: Calippini Quinn 1955 [empty], Hippodon Leidy 1854 [invalid subgroup], Hippotheriini Bonaparte 1850 [empty], Merychippus isonesus secundus Osborn 1918 [nomen vanum], Protohippini Quinn 1955 [empty], Stylonus Cope 1878 [nomen dubium]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available