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Sauropterygia

Reptilia

Taxonomy
Sauropterygia was named by Owen (1859).

It was reranked as the order Sauropterygia by Owen (1860), Cope (1871), Leidy (1873), Cope (1875), Günther (1886), Zittel (1890), Woodward (1898), Osborn (1904), Swinton (1934), Kuhn (1946), Kuhn (1966), Thurmond (1968), Welles and Gregg (1971), Thurmond and Jones (1981), Wiffen and Moisley (1986), Sander (1989), Storrs (1991) and Hiller and Mannering (2005); it was synonymized subjectively with Plesiosauria by Hay (1902) and Hay (1930); it was reranked as the superorder Sauropterygia by Osborn (1903), Carroll (1988) and Smith and Araújo (2017); it was corrected as Sauropterygii by Jaekel (1910) and Jaekel (1911); it was reranked as the subclass Sauropterygia by Brown (1981), Gasparini and Salgado (2000), Fostowicz-Frelik and Gazdzicki (2001), Hiller and Mannering (2004), Otero et al. (2013) and Marx et al. (2021); it was reranked as the unranked clade Sauropterygia by Rieppel (1989), Storrs (1997), Jiang et al. (2006), Otero et al. (2009), Otero et al. (2014), Serratos et al. (2017), Vincent and Storrs (2019), Zverkov et al. (2023) and Clark et al. (2024).

It was assigned to Enaliosauria by Owen (1859); to Synapsida by Osborn (1903); to Anomodontia by Osborn (1904); to Enaliosauri by Owen (1861) and Jaekel (1910); to Holosauria by Jaekel (1911); to Dranitesauria by Nopcsa (1928); to Theromorphoidea by Huene (1954); to Synaptosauria by Roxo (1937) and Carroll (1981); to Lepidosauromorpha by Carroll (1988); to Neodiapsida by Rieppel (1989); to Lepidosauromorpha by Storrs (1991); to Diapsida by Kuhn (1966) and Druckenmiller and Russell (2008); to Reptilia by Owen (1860), Cope (1871), Leidy (1873), Cope (1875), Günther (1886), Zittel (1890), Woodward (1898), Swinton (1934), Kuhn (1946), Thurmond (1968), Welles and Gregg (1971), Brown (1981), Thurmond and Jones (1981), Wiffen and Moisley (1986), Sander (1989), Gasparini and Salgado (2000), Fostowicz-Frelik and Gazdzicki (2001), Hiller and Mannering (2004), Hiller and Mannering (2005), Smith and Araújo (2017), Vincent and Storrs (2019) and Zverkov et al. (2023); and to Diapsida by Storrs (1997), Jiang et al. (2006), Otero et al. (2009), Otero et al. (2013), Otero et al. (2014), Serratos et al. (2017), Marx et al. (2021) and Clark et al. (2024).

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1859Sauropterygia Owen p. 143
1860Sauropterygia Owen p. 209
1861Sauropterygia Owen p. 229
1871Sauropterygia Cope p. 235
1873Sauropterygia Leidy p. 345
1875Sauropterygia Cope p. 14
1886Sauropterygia Günther p. 444
1890Sauropterygia Zittel p. 449
1893Microleptosaurus Skuphos
1893Microleptosaurus schlosseri Skuphos
1898Sauropterygia Woodward p. 141
1903Sauropterygia Osborn p. 456
1904Sauropterygia Osborn p. 104
1910Sauropterygii Jaekel p. 334
1911Sauropterygii Jaekel p. 147
1928Sauropterygia Nopcsa p. 172
1934Sauropterygia Swinton p. 55
1937Sauropterygia Roxo p. 43
1946Sauropterygia Kuhn p. 59
1954Sauropterygia Huene p. 38
1966Sauropterygia Kuhn p. 111
1968Sauropterygia Thurmond p. 1289
1971Sauropterygia Welles and Gregg p. 22
1981Sauropterygia Brown p. 339
1981Sauropterygia Carroll p. 337
1981Sauropterygia Thurmond and Jones p. 138
1986Sauropterygia Wiffen and Moisley p. 207
1988Sauropterygia Carroll
1989Sauropterygia Rieppel p. 3 fig. 13
1989Sauropterygia Sander
1991Sauropterygia Storrs p. 12
1997Sauropterygia Storrs p. 149
2000Sauropterygia Gasparini and Salgado p. 14
2001Sauropterygia Fostowicz-Frelik and Gazdzicki
2004Sauropterygia Hiller and Mannering p. 1
2005Sauropterygia Hiller and Mannering p. 30
2006Sauropterygia Jiang et al.
2008Sauropterygia Druckenmiller and Russell p. 6
2009Sauropterygia Otero et al. p. 345
2013Sauropterygia Otero et al. p. 774
2014Sauropterygia Otero et al. p. 103
2017Sauropterygia Serratos et al.
2017Sauropterygia Smith and Araújo
2019Sauropterygia Vincent and Storrs
2021Sauropterygia Marx et al. p. 9
2023Sauropterygia Zverkov et al. p. 3
2024Sauropterygia Clark et al. p. 2

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
—Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
—Tetrapoda
RankNameAuthor
—Reptiliomorpha
—Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
—Cotylosauria()
—Amniota
—Sauropsida
classReptilia
subclassEureptilia()
—Romeriida
—Diapsida()
suborderSauropterygia
suborderSauropterygia

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Subor. †Sauropterygia Owen 1859
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G. †Atopodentatus Cheng et al. 2014
+
†Atopodentatus unicus Cheng et al. 2014
Or. †Eosauropterygia Rieppel 1994
+
G. †Corosaurus Case 1936
+
†Corosaurus alcovensis Case 1936
Fm. †Cymatosauridae von Huene
+
G. †Tanaisosaurus Sennikov 2001
+
†Tanaisosaurus kalandadzei Sennikov 2001
G. †Dawazisaurus Cheng et al. 2016
+
†Dawazisaurus brevis Cheng et al. 2016
G. †Diandongosaurus Shang et al. 2011
+
†Diandongosaurus acutidentatus Shang et al. 2011
G. †Hispaniasaurus Marquez-Aliaga et al. 2017
+
†Hispaniasaurus cranioelongatus Marquez-Aliaga et al. 2017
G. †Majiashanosaurus Jiang et al. 2014
+
†Majiashanosaurus discocoracoidis Jiang et al. 2014
Fm. †Nothosauridae Baur 1889
+
G. †Brevicaudosaurus Shang et al. 2020
+
†Brevicaudosaurus jiyangshanensis Shang et al. 2020
G. †Ceresiosaurus Peyer 1931
+
†Ceresiosaurus lanzi Hänni 2004
G. †Germanosaurus Nopcsa 1928
+
†Germanosaurus schafferi Arthaber 1924
Invalid names: Germanosaurus latissimus Gürich 1891 [nomen dubium]
G. †Lamprosauroides Schmidt 1927
+
Invalid names: Lamprosaurus Meyer 1860 [replaced]
G. †Metanothosaurus Yabe and Shikana 1948
G. †Micronothosaurus Haas 1963
+
Subfm. †Nothosaurinae Nopcsa 1923
+
G. †Lariosaurus Curioni 1847
+
†Lariosaurus balsami Curioni 1841
+
Invalid names: Deirosaurus italicus Owen 1854 [synonym], Eupodosaurus longobardicus Boulenger 1891 [synonym], Macromirosaurus plini Curioni 1847 [synonym], Proneusticosaurus carinthiacus Arthaber 1924 [synonym]
†Lariosaurus buzzii Tschanz 1989
†Lariosaurus curionii Rieppel 1998
†Lariosaurus hongguoensis Jiang et al. 2006
†Lariosaurus juvenilis Edinger 1921
†Lariosaurus teutonicus Diedrich 1996
†Lariosaurus valceresii Tintori and Renesto 1990
†Lariosaurus vosseveldensis Klein et al. 2016
†Lariosaurus winkelhorsti Klein and Albers 2009
†Lariosaurus xingyiensis Li et al. 2002
†Lariosaurus youngi Li and Rieppel 2004
Invalid names: Deirosaurus Owen 1854 [synonym], Eupodosaurus Boulenger 1891 [synonym], Lariosaurus lavizzarii Kuhn-Schnyder 1987 [nomen dubium], Macromerosauro Curioni 1863 [synonym], Macromerosaurus Cornalia 1854 [synonym], Macromirosaurus Curioni 1847 [synonym], Rhaeticonia Broili 1927 [synonym], Rhaeticonia rothpletzi Broili 1927 [nomen dubium], Silvestrosaurus Kuhn-Schnyder 1990 [synonym]
G. †Nothosaurus Münster 1834
+
†Nothosaurus cristatus Hinz et al. 2019
†Nothosaurus edingerae Schultze 1970
†Nothosaurus giganteus Münster 1834
+
Invalid names: Nothosaurus aduncidens Meyer 1855 [synonym], Nothosaurus andriani Meyer 1839 [synonym], Nothosaurus angustifrons Meyer and Plieninger 1844 [synonym], Nothosaurus baruthicus Geissler 1895 [synonym], Nothosaurus chelydrops Fraas 1896 [synonym], Opeosaurus suevicus Meyer 1847 [synonym], Paranothosaurus amsleri Peyer 1939 [synonym]
†Nothosaurus haasi Rieppel et al. 1997
†Nothosaurus jagisteus Rieppel 2001
†Nothosaurus marchicus Koken 1893
+
Invalid names: Nothosaurus crassus Schröder 1914 [synonym], Nothosaurus oldenburgi Schröder 1914 [synonym], Nothosaurus procerus Schröder 1914 [synonym], Nothosaurus raabi Schröder 1914 [synonym], Nothosaurus schroederi Huene 1944 [synonym], Nothosaurus winterswijkensis Albers and Rieppel 2003 [synonym]
†Nothosaurus mirabilis Münster 1834
+
Invalid names: Dracosaurus bronni Auct 1834 [synonym], Nothosaurus bergeri Meyer 1834 [synonym], Nothosaurus muensteri Meyer 1847 [synonym]
†Nothosaurus occiduus Leidy 1870
+
Invalid names: Nothosaurus rostellatus Shang 2006 [objective synonym]
†Nothosaurus tchernowi Haas 1980
†Nothosaurus yangjuanensis Jiang et al. 2006
†Nothosaurus zhangi Liu et al. 2014
Invalid names: Conchiosaurus clavatus Meyer 1833 [nomen dubium], Dracosaurus Munster 1834 [synonym], Elmosaurus Huene 1957 [synonym], Elmosaurus lelmensis Huene 1957 [nomen dubium], Kolposaurus Skuphos 1893 [synonym], Kolposaurus dichthadius Skuphos 1893 [nomen dubium], Metriorhynchus priscus Münster 1834 [nomen nudum], Nothosaurus hecki Fritsch 1894 [nomen dubium], Nothosaurus schimperi Meyer 1834 [nomen dubium], Nothosaurus unexpectus Young 1965 [nomen dubium], Nothosaurus venustus Munster 1834 [nomen dubium], Opeosaurus Meyer 1847 [synonym], Paranothosaurus Peyer 1939 [synonym], Plesiosaurus speciosus Munster 1834 [nomen nudum], Shingyisaurus Young 1965 [synonym], Simosaurus mougeoti Meyer 1847 [nomen dubium]
Invalid names: Nothosaurus cuvieri Quenstedt 1885 [nomen dubium]
Superfm. †Nothosauroidea Huene 1956
+
G. †Sanchiaosaurus Young 1965
+
†Sanchiaosaurus dengi Young 1965
+
G. †Dianmeisaurus Shang and Li 2015
+
†Dianmeisaurus gracilis Shang and Li 2015
†Dianmeisaurus mutaensis Hu et al. 2024
G. †Odoiporosaurus Renesto et al. 2014
+
†Odoiporosaurus teruzzii Renesto et al. 2014
G. †Prosantosaurus Klein et al. 2022
+
†Prosantosaurus scheffoldi Klein et al. 2022
Superfm. †Pachypleurosauroidea Huene 1956
+
Fm. †Keichousauridae Young 1965
+
G. †Dianopachysaurus Liu et al. 2011
+
†Dianopachysaurus dingi Liu et al. 2011
G. †Keichousaurus Young 1958
+
†Keichousaurus hui Young 1958
Fm. †Pachypleurosauridae Nopcsa 1928
+
G. †Anarosaurus Dames 1890
+
†Anarosaurus heterodontus Rieppel and Lin 1995
†Anarosaurus pumilio Dames 1890
G. †Dactylosaurus Gürich 1884
+
†Dactylosaurus gracilis Gürich 1884
†Dactylosaurus schroederi Nopsca 1928
G. †Doliovertebra Huene 1902
+
†Doliovertebra fritschi Huene 1902
G. †Hanosaurus Young 1972
+
†Hanosaurus hupehensis Young 1972
G. †Honghesaurus Xu et al. 2022
+
†Honghesaurus longicaudalis Xu et al. 2022
G. †Luopingosaurus Xu et al. 2023
+
†Luopingosaurus imparilis Xu et al. 2023
G. †Neusticosaurus Seeley 1882
+
†Neusticosaurus edwardsi Sander 1989
†Neusticosaurus edwardsii Sander 1989
†Neusticosaurus peyeri Sander 1989
G. †Pachypleurosaurus Broili 1927
+
†Pachypleurosaurus staubi Kuhn-Schnyder 1959
G. †Panzhousaurus Jiang et al. 2018
+
†Panzhousaurus rotundirostris Jiang et al. 2018
G. †Psilotrachelosaurus Nopsca 1928
G. †Serpianosaurus Rieppel 1989
+
†Serpianosaurus germanicus Diedrich 2013
Invalid names: Neusticosaurinae Seeley [empty], Pachypleurosaurinae Nopsca 1928 [empty]
Subor. †Pistosauroidea Baur 1887
+
G. †Chinchenia Young 1965
+
†Chinchenia sungi Young 1965
G. †Cymatosaurus Fritsch 1894
+
†Cymatosaurus erikae Maisch 2014
†Cymatosaurus gracilis Schrammen 1899
†Cymatosaurus latifrons Gürich 1884
+
Invalid names: Cymatosaurus silesiacus Schrammen 1899 [objective synonym]
†Cymatosaurus minor Rieppel and Wernburg 1998
Invalid names: Cymatosaurus erythreus Huene 1944 [nomen dubium], Eurysaurus Gaudry 1878 [synonym], Proneusticosaurus Volz 1902 [synonym]
G. †Kwangsisaurus Young 1959
+
G. †Wangosaurus Ma et al. 2015
+
†Wangosaurus brevirostris Ma et al. 2015
G. †Yunguisaurus Cheng et al. 2006
+
†Yunguisaurus liae Cheng et al. 2006
Invalid names: Cymatosauria Huene 1944 [empty]
G. †Qianxisaurus Cheng et al. 2012
+
†Qianxisaurus chajiangensis Cheng et al. 2012
G. †Wumengosaurus Jiang et al. 2008
+
Invalid names: Nothosaurus picardi Chop 1857 [nomen dubium]
G. †Ischyrosaurus Cope 1869
Subor. †Nanchangosauroidea Wang 1959
+
Invalid names: Nothosauravidae Kuhn 1964 [empty]
Or. †Nothosauria Baur 1889 [nothosaur]
+
Fm. †Lariosauridae Gervais 1859
+
G. †Phygosaurus Arthaber 1924
Invalid names: Macromirosauridae Baur 1886 [synonym]
G. †Partanosaurus Skuphos 1893
+
†Partanosaurus zitteli Skuphos 1893
G. †Pontopus
Fm. †Simosauridae Nopcsa 1928
+
G. †Conchiosaurus Meyer 1833
G. †Paludidraco de Miguel Chaves et al. 2018
+
†Paludidraco multidentatus de Miguel Chaves et al. 2018
G. †Simosaurus Meyer 1842
+
†Simosaurus gaillardoti Meyer and Plieninger 1842
+
Invalid names: Ichthyosaurus lunevillensis Alberti 1837 [synonym], Simosaurus guilielmi Meyer 1847 [objective synonym]
Invalid names: Anarosauridae Jaekel 1910 [empty], Corosauridae Kuhn 1961 [empty], Germanosauridae Rieppel 2000 [empty], Neusticosauridae [empty], Proneusticosauridae Huene 1952 [empty]
Unr. †Pistosauria Baur 1890
+
G. †Augustasaurus Sander 1997
+
†Augustasaurus hagdorni Sander 1997
G. †Bobosaurus Dalla Vecchia 2006
+
†Bobosaurus forojuliensis Dalla Vecchia 2006
G. †Pistosaurus Meyer 1839
+
†Pistosaurus longaevus Meyer 1839
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Invalid names: Nothosaurus strunzi Geissler 1895 [synonym], Pistosaurus grandaevus Meyer 1839 [objective synonym]
Invalid names: Pistosauridae Zittel 1887 [empty]
Or. †Placodontia Cope 1871 [placodont]
+
G. †Chelyposuchus Romer 1966
Fm. †Cyamodontidae Nopcsa 1923
+
G. †Cyamodus von Meyer 1863
+
†Cyamodus hildegardis Peyer 1931
†Cyamodus kuhnschnyderi Nosotti and Pinna 1993
†Cyamodus muensteri Agassiz 1834
+
Invalid names: Cyamodus laticeps Owen 1859 [synonym]
†Cyamodus orientalis Wang et al. 2019
†Cyamodus rostratus Münster 1839
†Cyamodus tarnowitzensis Gürich 1884
Subor. †Cyamodontoidea Nopcsa 1923
+
Unr. †Cyamodontida Nopsca 1923
+
G. †Henodus Huene 1936
+
†Henodus chelyops Huene 1936
Invalid names: Psephodermatidae Nopcsa 1923 [empty]
Unr. †Placochelyida Romer 1956
+
G. †Macroplacus Schubert and Klempnauer 1975
+
†Macroplacus raeticus Schubert and Klempnauer 1975
G. †Placochelys Jaekel 1902
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†Placochelys placodonta Jaekel 1902
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Invalid names: Placodus placodonta Jaekel 1902 [synonym]
G. †Protenodontosaurus Pinna 1990
+
G. †Psephoderma von Meyer 1858
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†Psephoderma alpinum Meyer 1858
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Invalid names: Placochelys malanchinii Boni 1948 [synonym], Placochelys stoppanii Pinna 1980 [synonym], Placodus zitteli Amman 1878 [synonym]
†Psephoderma anglicum Meyer 1864
†Psephoderma sculptata Rieppel 2002
Invalid names: Placochelyanus Pinna 1976 [synonym]
Invalid names: Macroplacidae Rieppel 2000 [empty], Protenodontosauridae Rieppel 2000 [empty]
Fm. †Placochelyidae Jaekel 1910
+
G. †Glyphoderma Zhao et al. 2008
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†Glyphoderma kangi Zhao et al. 2008
G. †Psephochelys Li and Rieppel 2002
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†Psephochelys polyosteoderma Li and Rieppel 2002
G. †Psephosaurus Fraas 1896
+
†Psephosaurus suevicus Fraas 1896
G. †Priscochelys Karl 2005
G. †Psephosauriscus Rieppel 2002
+
†Psephosauriscus mosis Brotzen 1957
+
Invalid names: Psephosaurus mosis Brotzen 1956 [replaced]
†Psephosauriscus rhombifer Rieppel 2002
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Invalid names: Psephosaurus rhombifer Haas 1959 [replaced]
+
Invalid names: Psephosaurus sinaiticus Haas 1959 [replaced]
Invalid names: Psephosaurus picardi Brotzen 1956 [nomen dubium]
Subor. †Henodontida Kuhn 1961
+
Fm. †Henodontidae von Huene 1936
+
G. †Chelyoposuchus Kuhn 1939
+
G. †Parahenodus Miguel Chaves et al. 2018
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†Parahenodus atancensis Miguel Chaves et al. 2018
G. †Negevodus Mazin 1986
Fm. †Paraplacodontidae Peyer and Kuhn-Schnyder 1955
+
G. †Paraplacodus Peyer 1931
+
†Paraplacodus broilii Peyer 1931
G. †Pararcus Klein and Scheyer 2014
+
†Pararcus diepenbroeki Klein and Scheyer 2014
Superfm. †Placodontoidea Nopcsa 1923
+
Fm. †Placodontidae Cope 1871
+
G. †Placodus Agassiz 1833
+
†Placodus duplicatus Fraas 1896
†Placodus gigas Agassiz 1833
+
Invalid names: Anomosaurus strunzi Huene 1905 [synonym], Omphalosaurus peyeri Maisch and Lehmann 2002 [synonym], Placodus antiquior Huene 1936 [synonym], Placodus hypsiceps Meyer 1863 [synonym], Placodus quinmolaris Braun 1863 [synonym]
†Placodus inexpectatus Jiang et al. 2008
Invalid names: Anomosaurus Huene 1902 [synonym], Crurosaurus Huene 1902 [synonym], Crurosaurus problematicus Huene 1902 [nomen dubium], Placodus aethiops Meyer 1863 [nomen nudum], Placodus andriani Agassiz 1839 [nomen dubium], Placodus angustus Meyer 1863 [nomen nudum], Placodus bathygnathus Owen 1859 [nomen dubium], Placodus bombidens Owen 1858 [nomen dubium], Placodus gracilis Jurcsak 1976 [nomen dubium], Placodus impressus Agassiz 1833 [nomen dubium], Placodus pachygnathus Owen 1859 [nomen dubium], Placodus rugosus Meyer 1863 [nomen nudum]
Invalid names: Chelyoposuchinae Kuhn 1946 [empty]
Invalid names: Hemilopadidae Jaekel 1910 [empty], Placodontida Peyer and Kun-Schnyder 1955 [empty], Priscochelys hegnabrunnensis Karl 2005 [nomen dubium]
Unr. †Placodontiformes Neenan et al. 2013
+
G. †Palatodonta Neenan et al. 2013
+
†Palatodonta bleekeri Neenan et al. 2013
Or. †Plesiosauria de Blainville 1835 [plesiosaur]
+
G. †Aptychodon Reuss 1855
G. †Bathyspondylus Delair 1982
+
G. †Crymocetus Romer 1966
G. †Embaphias Cope 1894
G. †Eoplesiosaurus Benson et al. 2012
+
†Eoplesiosaurus antiquior Benson et al. 2012
G. †Eretmosaurus Seeley 1874
+
†Eretmosaurus dubius Tate and Blake 1876
†Eretmosaurus rugosus Owen 1840
G. †Hexatarsostinus Hawkins 1840
G. †Lindwurmia Vincent and Storrs 2019
+
†Lindwurmia thiuda Vincent and Storrs 2019
G. †Megalneusaurus Knight 1898
+
†Megalneusaurus rex Knight 1895
G. †Namuncurania Rusconi 1943
G. †Nothosaurops Leidy 1870
G. †Oligosimus Leidy 1872
G. †Orophosaurus Cope 1851
G. †Piptomerus Cope 1887
G. †Piratosaurus Leidy 1865
Superfm. †Plesiosauroidea Welles 1943
+
Unr. †Cryptoclidia Ketchum and Benson 2010
+
Invalid names: Cryptocleidoidea Williston 1925 [replaced]
Fm. †Cryptoclididae Williston 1925
+
G. †Abyssosaurus Berezin 2011
+
†Abyssosaurus nataliae Berezin 2011
G. †Colymbosaurus Seeley 1874
+
†Colymbosaurus sclerodirus Bogolubov 1911
+
Invalid names: Colymbosaurus megadeirus Seeley 1869 [synonym], Plesiosaurus manselii Hulke 1870 [synonym], Pliosaurus portlandicus Owen 1869 [synonym]
G. †Cryptoclidus Seeley 1892
+
†Cryptoclidus eurymerus Phillips 1871
+
Invalid names: Apractocleidus teretipes Smellie 1915 [synonym], Cryptoclidus platymerus Seeley 1892 [synonym], Plesiosaurus durobrivensis Seeley 1892 [synonym]
†Cryptoclidus richardsoni Lydekker 1889
+
Invalid names: Plesiosaurus plicatus Mansel-Pleydell 1888 [synonym]
Invalid names: Apractocleidus Smellie 1915 [objective synonym], Cryptocleidus cuervoi Torre and Rojas 1949 [nomen dubium], Cryptoclidus vignalensis Torre and Cuervo 1939 [nomen dubium], Plesiosaurus oxfordiensis Seeley 1869 [nomen nudum], Plesiosaurus oxoniensis Phillips 1871 [nomen dubium]
G. †Djupedalia Knutsen et al. 2012
+
†Djupedalia engeri Knutsen et al. 2012
G. †Kimmerosaurus Brown 1981
+
†Kimmerosaurus langhami Brown 1981
G. †Muraenosaurus Seeley 1874
+
†Muraenosaurus fahrenkohli Waldheim 1846
†Muraenosaurus leedsii Seeley 1874
+
Invalid names: Cimoliosaurus plicatus Phillips 1871 [synonym], Muraenosaurus platyclis Seeley 1892 [synonym], Muraenosaurus plicatus Phillips 1871 [synonym], Tremamesacleis durobrivensis Lydekker 1889 [synonym]
†Muraenosaurus purbecki Bogolubov 1911
Invalid names: Tremamesacleis White 1940 [synonym]
G. †Ophthalmothule Roberts et al. 2020
+
†Ophthalmothule cryostea Roberts et al. 2020
G. †Pantosaurus Marsh 1893
+
†Pantosaurus striatus Marsh 1891
+
Invalid names: Muraenosaurus reedii Mehl 1912 [synonym]
Invalid names: Parasaurus Marsh 1891 [replaced]
G. †Picrocleidus Andrews 1909
+
†Picrocleidus beloclis Seeley 1892
G. †Spitrasaurus Knutsen et al. 2012
+
†Spitrasaurus larseni Knutsen et al. 2012
†Spitrasaurus wensaasi Knutsen et al. 2012
G. †Tatenectes O'Keefe and Wahl, Jr. 2003
+
†Tatenectes laramiensis Knight 1900
G. †Tricleidus Andrews 1909
+
†Tricleidus seeleyi Andrews 1909
G. †Vinialesaurus Gasparini et al. 2002
+
†Vinialesaurus caroli Torre and Rojas 1949
Invalid names: Cryptoclidus aldingeri von Huene 1932 [nomen dubium]
Fm. †Elasmosauridae Cope 1869 [elasmosaur]
+
G. †Alexeyisaurus Sennikov and Arkhangelsky 2010
+
†Alexeyisaurus karnoushenkoi Sennikov and Arkhangelsky 2010
Subfm. †Alzadasaurinae
+
G. †Alzadasaurus Welles 1943
G. †Ogmodirus Williston and Moodie 1913
G. †Callawayasaurus Carpenter 1999
+
G. †Cardiocorax Araújo et al. 2015
+
†Cardiocorax mukulu Araújo et al. 2015
G. †Chubutinectes O'Gorman et al. 2023
+
†Chubutinectes carmeloi O'Gorman et al. 2023
G. †Cimoliasaurus Leidy 1851
+
†Cimoliasaurus magnus Leidy 1851
†Cimoliosaurus magnus Leidy 1851
†Cimoliosaurus snowii Williston 1890
Invalid names: Brimosaurus grandis Leidy 1855 [nomen dubium], Cimoliasaurus brevior Lydekker 1889 [nomen dubium], Cimoliasaurus maccoyi Etheridge 1904 [nomen dubium], Hunosaurus Fritsch 1905 [synonym], Iserosaurus Fritsch 1905 [synonym]
G. †Eromangasaurus Kear 2005
+
Unr. †Euelasmosaurida O'Gorman 2019
+
+
Invalid names: Styxosaurinae Otero 2016 [synonym]
G. †Libonectes Carpenter 1997 [southwest diver]
G. †Thalassomedon Welles 1943
G. †Fluvionectes Campbell et al. 2021
+
†Fluvionectes sloanae Campbell et al. 2021
G. †Fresnosaurus Welles 1943
+
†Fresnosaurus drescheri Welles 1943
G. †Gronausaurus Hampe 2013
+
†Gronausaurus wegneri Hampe 2013
G. †Jucha Fischer et al. 2020
+
†Jucha squalea Fischer et al. 2020
†Jucha squalea Fischer et al. 2020
†Jucha squalea Fischer et al. 2020
G. †Lagenanectes Sachs et al. 2017
+
†Lagenanectes richterae Sachs et al. 2017
G. †Leivanectes Páramo-Fonseca et al. 2019
+
†Leivanectes bernardoi Páramo-Fonseca et al. 2019
G. †Leurospondylus Brown 1913
+
†Leurospondylus ultimus Brown 1913
G. †Scanisaurus Persson 1960
G. †Stereosaurus Seeley 1869
G. †Thalassiosaurus Welles 1943
G. †Thalassonomosaurus Welles 1943
G. †Wapuskanectes Druckenmiller and Russell 2006
+
†Wapuskanectes betsynichollsae Druckenmiller and Russell 2006
Unr. †Weddellonectia O'Gorman and Coria 2017
+
G. †Aphrosaurus Welles 1943
Subfm. †Aristonectinae Otero et al. 2012
G. †Futabasaurus Sato et al. 2006
G. †Kaiwhekea Cruickshank and Fordyce 2002
G. †Kawanectes O'Gorman 2016
G. †Marambionectes O’Gorman et al. 2024
G. †Morenosaurus Welles 1943
G. †Tuarangisaurus Wiffen and Moisley 1986
G. †Vegasaurus O'Gorman et al. 2015
G. †Zarafasaura Vincent et al. 2011
+
†Zarafasaura oceanis Vincent et al. 2011
Invalid names: Alzadasaurus kansasensis Welles 1952 [nomen dubium], Alzadasaurus tropicus Colbert 1949 [nomen vanum], Cimoliasauridae Delair 1959 [synonym], Cimoliasaurus andium Deecke 1895 [nomen dubium], Cimoliasaurus cantabrigiensis Lydekker 1889 [nomen vanum], Cimoliasaurus caudalis Hutton 1894 [nomen vanum], Elasmosaurus amalitskii Pravoslavlev 1916 [nomen vanum], Elasmosaurus kurskensis Bogolubov 1911 [nomen vanum], Elasmosaurus orskensis Bogolubov 1911 [nomen vanum], Elasmosaurus serdobensis Bogolubov 1911 [nomen vanum], Elasmosaurus sternbergi Williston 1906 [nomen dubium], Mauisaurus gardneri Seeley 1878 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus constrictus Owen 1850 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus crassicostatus Owen 1870 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus gulo Cope 1872 [nomen dubium], Plesiosaurus gurgitis Renevier 1858 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus helmersenii Kiprijanoff 1882 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus holmesii Hector 1874 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus hoodii Owen 1870 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus mackayii Hector 1874 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus mauritanicus Arambourg 1952 [nomen dubium], Plesiosaurus sutherlandi McCoy 1867 [nomen dubium], Pliosaurus gigas Schröder 1885 [nomen vanum], Pliosaurus macrospondylus McCoy 1867 [nomen dubium], Thalassiosaurus ischiadicus Williston 1903 [nomen dubium], Thalassonomosaurus nobilis Williston 1906 [nomen dubium], Woolungasaurus Persson 1960 [nomen dubium], Woolungasaurus glendowerensis Persson 1960 [nomen dubium]
G. †Franconiasaurus Sachs et al. 2024
+
†Franconiasaurus brevispinus Sachs et al. 2024
Unr. †Leptocleidia Ketchum and Benson 2010
+
Fm. †Leptocleididae White 1940
+
G. †Brancasaurus Wegner 1914
G. †Hastanectes Benson et al. 2013
G. †Leptocleidus Andrews 1922
+
Invalid names: Peyerus Stromer 1935 [synonym]
G. †Nichollssaura Druckenmiller and Russell 2009
+
Invalid names: Nichollsia Druckenmiller and Russell 2008 [replaced]
G. †Umoonasaurus Kear et al. 2006
G. †Vectocleidus Benson et al. 2013
Invalid names: Leptocleidoidea Druckenmiller and Russell 2008 [replaced]
Fm. †Microcleididae Benson et al. 2012
+
G. †Microcleidus Watson 1909
+
†Microcleidus macropterus Seeley 1865
†Microcleidus melusinae Vincent et al. 2019
†Microcleidus tournemirensis Sciau et al. 1990
Invalid names: Occitanosaurus Bardet et al. 1999 [synonym]
G. †Seeleyosaurus White 1940
+
+
Invalid names: Seeleyosaurus holzmadensis White 1940 [synonym]
G. †Opallionectes Kear 2006
+
G. †Plesiopharos Puértolas-Pascual et al. 2021
+
†Plesiopharos moelensis Puértolas-Pascual et al. 2021
G. †Plesiopterys O'Keefe 2004
+
†Plesiopterys wildi O'Keefe 2004
Fm. †Plesiosauridae Gray 1825
+
G. †Hydrorion Grossmann 2007
G. †Lusonectes Smith et al. 2012
+
†Lusonectes sauvagei Smith et al. 2012
G. †Thaumatosaurus Meyer 1841
+
+
Invalid names: Liopleurodon bucklandi Sauvage 1873 [synonym]
Invalid names: Brancasauridae White 1940 [synonym], Muraenosauridae White 1940 [synonym], Plesiosaurus neogaeus Burmeister 1861 [nomen vanum], Tremamesacleididae White 1940 [synonym]
G. †Plesiosaurus de la Beche and Conybeare 1821
+
†Plesiosaurus bavaricus Dames 1895
†Plesiosaurus bitractensis Sauvage 1883
†Plesiosaurus carinatus Cuvier 1824
†Plesiosaurus cliduchus Seeley 1865
†Plesiosaurus costatus Owen 1840
†Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus Conybeare 1824
+
Invalid names: Plesiosaurus homei Gray 1831 [synonym], Plesiosaurus macromus Owen 1840 [synonym]
†Plesiosaurus exarsostinus Hawkins 1834
†Plesiosaurus grandis Owen 1840
†Plesiosaurus hesternus Welles 1953
†Plesiosaurus houzeaui Dollo 1909
+
Invalid names: Plesiosaurus brachycephalus Owen 1840 [synonym]
†Plesiosaurus macrodeirus Seeley 1869
†Plesiosaurus mexicanus Wieland 1910
†Plesiosaurus nitidus Phillips 1871
†Plesiosaurus trigonus Cuvier 1824
Invalid names: Plesiosaurus elasmosaurus Finzel 1964 [nomen nudum], Plesiosaurus priscus Parkinson 1822 [nomen dubium]
Fm. †Polycotylidae Williston 1908
+
G. †Ceraunosaurus Thurmond 1968
G. †Edgarosaurus Druckenmiller 2002
+
†Edgarosaurus muddi Druckenmiller 2002
G. †Manemergus Buchy et al. 2005
+
†Manemergus anguirostris Buchy et al. 2005
G. †Mauriciosaurus Frey et al. 2017
+
†Mauriciosaurus fernandezi Frey et al. 2017
G. †Pahasapasaurus Schumacher 2007
+
†Pahasapasaurus haasi Schumacher 2007
Subfm. †Palmulainae Albright et al. 2007
+
G. †Palmulasaurus Albright et al. 2007
+
Invalid names: Palmula Albright et al. 2007 [replaced]
G. †Plesiopleurodon Carpenter 1996
+
†Plesiopleurodon wellesi Carpenter 1996
Subfm. †Polycotylinae Albright et al. 2007
+
Unr. †Dolichorhynchia Clark et al. 2024
G. †Eopolycotylus Albright et al. 2007
G. †Georgiasaurus Ochev 1977
+
Invalid names: Georgia Otschev 1976 [replaced]
G. †Polycotylus Cope 1869
G. †Scalamagnus Clark et al. 2024
G. †Serpentisuchops Persons IV et al. 2022
G. †Trinacromerum Cragin 1888
G. †Sulcusuchus Gasparini and Spalletti 1990
+
†Sulcusuchus erraini Gasparini and Spalletti 1990
G. †Thililua Bardet et al. 2003
+
†Thililua longicollis Bardet et al. 2003
Invalid names: Cimoliasaurus leucoscopelus Etheridge, Jr. 1897 [nomen dubium], Dolichorhynchopidae Welles 1962 [synonym], Palmulasaurinae Albright et al. 2007 [empty], Polycotyilnae Albright et al. 2007 [empty]
G. †Sthenarosaurus Watson 1909
+
†Sthenarosaurus dawkinsi Watson 1909
G. †Westphaliasaurus Schwermann and Sander 2011
+
†Westphaliasaurus simonsensii Schwermann and Sander 2011
Invalid names: Cimoliosaurus limnophilus Koken 1887 [nomen dubium], Dolichodeira Seeley 1892 [synonym], Euplesiosauria O'Keefe 2001 [empty]
Superfm. †Pliosauroidea Welles 1943
+
Fm. †Pliosauridae Seeley 1874
+
G. †Acostasaurus Gomez-Perez and Noe 2011
+
†Acostasaurus pavachoquensis Gomez-Perez and Noe 2011
G. †Anguanax Cau and Fanti 2016
+
†Anguanax zignoi Cau and Fanti 2016
G. †Arminisaurus Sachs and Kear 2017
+
†Arminisaurus schuberti Sachs and Kear 2017
G. †Attenborosaurus Bakker 1993
+
+
Invalid names: Plesiosaurus laticeps Owen 1867 [synonym]
G. †Cryonectes Vincent et al. 2013
+
†Cryonectes neustriacus Vincent et al. 2013
G. †Hauffiosaurus O'Keefe 2001
+
†Hauffiosaurus longirostris Tate and Blake 1876
†Hauffiosaurus tomistomimus Benson et al. 2011
†Hauffiosaurus zanoni O'Keefe 2001
G. †Marmornectes Ketchum and Benson 2011
+
†Marmornectes candrewi Ketchum and Benson 2011
G. †Pachycostasaurus Cruickshank et al. 1996
+
†Pachycostasaurus dawni Cruickshank et al. 1996
+
†Polyptchodon rugosus Emmons 1858
G. †Sinopliosaurus Young 1944
+
G. †Stenorhynchosaurus Páramo-Fonseca et al. 2016
+
†Stenorhynchosaurus munozi Páramo-Fonseca et al. 2016
G. †Strongylokrotaphus Novozhilov 1964
G. †Thalassiodracon Storrs and Taylor 1996
+
+
Invalid names: Plesiosaurus eleutheraxon Seeley 1865 [synonym], Plesiosaurus etheridgei Huxley 1858 [synonym], Plesiosaurus etheridgii Huxley 1858 [synonym]
Invalid names: Plesiosaurus hexatarsostinus Hawkins 1840 [nomen oblitum], Plesiosaurus pentetarsostinus Hawkins 1834 [nomen oblitum], Plesiosaurus triatarsostinus Hawkins 1834 [nomen oblitum]
Unr. †Thalassophonea Benson and Druckenmiller 2014
+
Subfm. †Brachaucheninae Williston 1925
G. †Gallardosaurus Gasparini 2009
G. †Liopleurodon Sauvage 1873
G. †Makhaira Fischer et al. 2015
G. †Peloneustes Lydekker 1889
G. †Pliosaurus Owen 1841
+
Invalid names: Ischyrodon Merian 1838 [synonym], Spondylosaurus Fischer 1845 [synonym], Stretosaurus Tarlo 1959 [synonym]
G. †Simolestes Andrews 1909
Invalid names: Pliosaurus brachyspondylus Owen 1840 [nomen dubium], Pliosaurus macromerus Phillips 1871 [nomen dubium]
Invalid names: Pliosaurus aequalis Phillips 1871 [nomen dubium], Pliosaurus evansi Seeley 1869 [nomen dubium], Simolestinae Nopcsa 1923 [empty]
Invalid names: Brachydeira Seeley 1892 [synonym], Trinacromeridae Nopcsa 1923 [empty]
G. †Rhaeticosaurus Wintrich et al. 2017
+
†Rhaeticosaurus mertensi Wintrich et al. 2017
Fm. †Rhomaleosauridae Nopcsa 1928
+
G. †Anningasaura Vincent and Benson 2012
+
†Anningasaura lymense Vincent and Benson 2012
G. †Archaeonectrus Novozhilov 1964
G. †Atychodracon Smith 2015
G. †Avalonnectes Benson et al. 2012
+
†Avalonnectes arturi Benson et al. 2012
G. †Bishanopliosaurus Dong 1980
+
†Bishanopliosaurus zigongensis Gao et al. 2004
G. †Borealonectes Sato and Wu 2008
+
†Borealonectes russelli Sato and Wu 2008
G. †Eurycleidus Andrews 1922
+
†Eurycleidus arcuatus Owen 1840
G. †Macroplata Swinton 1930
+
†Macroplata tenuiceps Swinton 1930
G. †Maresaurus Gasparini 1997
+
†Maresaurus coccai Gasparini 1997
G. †Meyerasaurus Smith and Vincent 2010
+
†Meyerasaurus victor Fraas 1910
G. †Rhomaleosaurus Seeley 1874
+
†Rhomaleosaurus cramptoni Carte and Baily 1863
†Rhomaleosaurus megacephalus Stutchbury 1846
†Rhomaleosaurus zetlandicus Phillips 1854
+
Invalid names: Plesiosaurus propinquus Tate and Blake 1876 [synonym], Rhomaleosaurus thorntoni Andrews 1922 [synonym]
G. †Thaumatodracon Smith and Araújo 2017
+
†Thaumatodracon wiedenrothi Smith and Araújo 2017
G. †Yuzhoupliosaurus Zhang 1985
+
Invalid names: Thaumatosauridae Romer 1956 [synonym]
G. †Stratesaurus Benson et al. 2012
+
†Stratesaurus taylori Benson et al. 2012
G. †Sulmosaurus Huene 1952
G. †Taphrosaurus Cope 1870
G. †Uronautes Cope 1876
G. †Zahrisaurus Malkani 2019
+
†Zahrisaurus kilmoolai Malkani 2019
Invalid names: Aptychodon cretaceus Reuss 1855 [nomen vanum], Cimoliasaurus lissaensis Fritsch 1905 [nomen vanum], Cimoliasaurus teplicensis Fritsch 1907 [nomen vanum], Cimoliosaurus nazarowi Bogolubov 1911 [nomen vanum], Cimoliosaurus smithi Owen 1884 [nomen vanum], Discosaurus planior Leidy 1870 [nomen vanum], Discosaurus vetustus Leidy 1851 [nomen vanum], Elasmosaurus intermedius Cope 1894 [nomen vanum], Elasmosaurus orientalis Cope 1869 [nomen vanum], Embaphias circulosus Cope 1894 [nomen vanum], Hunosaurus fasseli Fritsch 1905 [nomen vanum], Iserosaurus littoralis Fritsch 1905 [nomen vanum], Lutkesaurus Kiprijanoff 1883 [nomen nudum], Mauisaurus brachiolatus Hector 1874 [nomen vanum], Neoplesiosauria Ketchum and Benson 2010 [empty], Oligosimus grandaevus Leidy 1872 [nomen vanum], Orophosaurus pauciporus Cope 1887 [nomen vanum], Peloneustes kanzleri Koken 1905 [nomen vanum], Piptomerus hexagonus Cope 1887 [nomen vanum], Piptomerus megaloporus Cope 1887 [nomen vanum], Piptomerus microporus Cope 1887 [nomen vanum], Piratosaurus plicatus Leidy 1865 [nomen dubium], Plesiosauriformes Hay 1930 [empty], Plesiosaurus affinis Owen 1840 [nomen dubium], Plesiosaurus australis Owen 1861 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus balticus Schröder 1885 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus bernardi Owen 1850 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus brachistospondylus Hulke 1870 [nomen dubium], Plesiosaurus brevifemur Cope 1875 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus brevis Owen 1854 [nomen dubium], Plesiosaurus continuus Owen 1841 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus cycnodeirus Seeley 1869 [nomen nudum], Plesiosaurus degenhardti Koken 1887 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus ellipsospondylus Phillips 1871 [nomen dubium], Plesiosaurus euryspondylus Seeley 1869 [nomen nudum], Plesiosaurus gouldii Williston 1897 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus hexagonalis Phillips 1871 [nomen dubium], Plesiosaurus infraplanus Phillips 1871 [nomen dubium], Plesiosaurus latispinus Owen 1854 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus levis Owen 1854 [nomen dubium], Plesiosaurus lockwoodii Cope 1869 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus megapleuron Owen 1854 [nomen dubium], Plesiosaurus microdeirus Seeley 1869 [nomen nudum], Plesiosaurus mudgei Cragin 1894 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus neocomiensis Campiche 1860 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus nordmanni Eichwald 1869 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus ophiodeirus Seeley 1869 [nomen nudum], Plesiosaurus pachyomus Owen 1840 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus phillipsi Sauvage 1871 [nomen dubium], Plesiosaurus planispondylus Damon 1860 [nomen nudum], Plesiosaurus planus Owen 1864 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus planus trigonalis Owen 1864 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus platydeirus Seeley 1869 [nomen nudum], Plesiosaurus poecilospondylus Seeley 1869 [nomen nudum], Plesiosaurus shirleyensis Knight 1900 [nomen dubium], Plesiosaurus subdepressus Owen 1854 [nomen nudum], Plesiosaurus traversii Hector 1874 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus truncatus Owen 1854 [nomen dubium], Plesiosaurus validus Phillips 1871 [nomen dubium], Plesiosaurus winspitensis Seeley 1871 [nomen dubium], Pliosaurus planus Hulke 1883 [nomen nudum], Plistosauroidea Edinger 1935 [empty], Polycotylus donicus Pravoslavlev 1915 [nomen vanum], Polycotylus epigurgitis Bogolubov 1911 [nomen vanum], Polycotylus orientalis Bogolubov 1911 [nomen vanum], Polycotylus tenuis Hector 1874 [nomen vanum], Polycotylus ultimus Bogolubov 1911 [nomen vanum], Polyptychodon Owen 1841 [nomen vanum], Polyptychodon neocomiensis Schardt 1910 [nomen vanum], Stereosaurus cratynotus Seeley 1869 [nomen nudum], Stereosaurus platyomus Seeley 1869 [nomen vanum], Stereosaurus stenomus Seeley 1869 [nomen nudum], Teleosaurus neogaeus Burmeister and Giebel 1861 [nomen dubium], Uronautes cetiformis Cope 1876 [nomen vanum], Xenopsaria Benson and Druckenmiller 2014 [empty]
Invalid names: Cercidopleura Seeley 1892 [empty], Dicranopleura Seeley 1892 [empty], Eusauropterygia Tschanz 1989 [empty], Microleptosaurus Skuphos 1893 [nomen dubium], Nothosauriformes Storrs 1991 [empty], Simosauria Gervais 1845 [empty]
Diagnosis
ReferenceDiagnosis
R. Owen 1860No post-orbital and supra-temporal bones : large temporal and other vacuities between certain cranial bones ; a foramen parietale ; two antorbital nostrils; teeth simple, in distinct sockets of premaxillary, maxillary, and premandibular bones, rarely on the palatine or pterygoid bones ; maxillaries larger than premaxillaries. Limbs natatory; not more than five digits. A sacrum of one or two vertebrae for the attachment of the pelvic arch in some, numerous cervical vertebrae in most. Pleurapophyses with simple heads; those of the trunk long and bent.
R. Owen 1861No post-orbital and supra-temporal bones: large temporal and other vacuities between certain cranial bones; a foramen parietale; two antorbital nostrils; teeth simple, in distinct sockets of the preinaxillary, maxillary, and premandibular bones, rarely on the palatine or pterygoid bones ; maxillaries larger than premaxillaries. Limbs natatory; not more than five digits. An episternum and clavicles. A sacrum of one or two vertebrae for the attachment of the pelvic arch in some, numerous cervical vertebne in most. Pleurapophyses with simple heads ; those of the trunk long and bent.
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: phosphaticsubp
Environment: marinesubo
Locomotion: actively mobilec
Created: 2017-04-17 10:38:36
Modified: 2017-04-17 10:38:36
Source: subo = suborder, c = class, subp = subphylum
References: Carroll 1988, Bush and Bambach 2015, Hendy et al. 2009

Age range: base of the Olenekian to the top of the Late/Upper Maastrichtian or 251.20000 to 66.00000 Ma

Collections (1096 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Induan - Anisian252.17 - 242.0Myanmar Pachypleurosauria indet. (224588)
Smithian - Spathian251.3 - 247.2China (Jiangxi) Hanosaurus hupehensis (98007)
Spathian251.3 - 247.2USA (Wyoming) Corosaurus alcovensis (85941 138080 138081 138082)
Spathian251.3 - 247.2Poland (Upper Silesia) Nothosauria indet. (195612)
Spathian - Olenekian251.3 - 247.2China (Anhui) Majiashanosaurus discocoracoidis (194788)
Olenekian251.2 - 247.2Russian Federation (Volgograd) Nothosauria indet. (27343)
Olenekian251.2 - 247.2China (Guangxi) Kwangsisaurus orientalis (97989)
Olenekian251.2 - 247.2China (Hubei) Keichousaurus yuananensis, Lariosaurus sanxiaensis (100271)
Olenekian - Anisian251.2 - 242.0Jordan (Janoobiah) Nothosaurus sp. (201987)
Olenekian - Anisian251.2 - 242.0Israel Placodus sp. (63904)

Youngest occurrences
Time interval Ma Country or state PBDB collection number
Late/Upper Maastrichtian70.6 - 66.0Chile (Biobio) Aristonectes sp. (150921)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian70.6 - 66.0USA (North Dakota) Plesiosauria indet. (57919)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian70.6 - 66.0Morocco Elasmosauridae indet. (99627 213665 213666) Elasmosauridae indet., Zarafasaura oceanis (116628) Plesiosaurus mauritanicus (143257 143258)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian70.6 - 66.0Netherlands (Limburg) Elasmosauridae indet. (67133 142084 143252 143254)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian70.6 - 66.0Belgium (Liège) Elasmosauridae indet. (143253)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian70.6 - 66.0USA (Wyoming) Plesiosauria indet. (115750)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian70.6 - 66.0Jordan Polycotylidae indet. (170239)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian70.6 - 66.0Argentina (Río Negro) Mauisaurus sp. (140998) Plesiosauria indet., Mauisaurus sp. (140997)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian70.6 - 66.0Antarctica (Seymour Island) Marambionectes molinai (234352)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian70.6 - 66.0New Zealand (South Island) Mauisaurus haasti (232391 232393 232401) Plesiosauria indet. (106757) Plesiosauria indet., Polycotylidae indet., Elasmosauridae indet. (232399) Polycotylidae indet., Elasmosauridae indet. (232396 232400) Polycotylidae indet., Mauisaurus haasti (232392)