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Ambuloasteroidea

Asteroidea

Taxonomy
Ambuloasteroidea was named by Blake and Hagdorn (2003). It is extant. It was considered monophyletic by Blake and Hagdorn (2003).

It was assigned to Asteroidea by Blake and Hagdorn (2003), Blake et al. (2017) and Blake (2018).

Synonymy list
YearName and author
2003Ambuloasteroidea Blake and Hagdorn p. 33
2017Ambuloasteroidea Blake et al. p. 324
2018Ambuloasteroidea Blake p. 49

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
—Ambulacraria
phylumEchinodermata
RankNameAuthor
subphylumEleutherozoa
—Asterozoa()
classAsteroidea
subclassAmbuloasteroidea
subclassAmbuloasteroidea

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Subcl. Ambuloasteroidea Blake and Hagdorn 2003
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Fm. †Calliasterellidae Schöndorf 1910
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G. †Calliasterella Schuchert 1914
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†Calliasterella americana Kesling and Strimple 1966
†Calliasterella mirus Trautschold 1879
Invalid names: Arthrasterinae Spencer 1918 [empty]
Fm. †Compsasteridae Schuchert 1915
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G. †Compsaster Worthen and Miller 1883
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†Compsaster formosus Worthen and Miller 1883
†Compsaster spiniger Wright 1880
G. †Schlueteraster Lehmann 1957
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†Schlueteraster schlueteri Stürtz 1886
Infracl. Neoasteroidea Gale 1987
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Superor. Forcipulatacea Blake 1987
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G. †Forbesasterias Fau et al. 2024
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†Forbesasterias gaveyi Forbes 1850
Or. †Trichasteropsida Blake 1987
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Fm. †Trichasteropsiidae Blake and Hagdorn 2003
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G. †Berckhemeraster Blake and Hagdorn 2003
G. †Trichasteropsis Eck 1879
Or. Zorocallida Downey 1970
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G. †Protothyraster Hess 1970
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†Protothyraster priscus de Loriol 1874
G. †Terminaster Hess 1974
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†Terminaster cancriformis Quenstedt 1876
Fm. †Terminasteridae Gale 2011
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G. †Alkaidia Blake and Reid 1998
G. †Viridisaster Fau and Villier 2023
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†Viridisaster guerangeri Fau and Villier 2023
Fm. †Migmasteridae Gale 2011
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G. †Migmaster Blake et al. 2006
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†Migmaster angularis Blake et al. 2006
Superor. Surculifera Gale 1987
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Unr. Spinulosida Perrier 1884
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Unr. Chevronida Gale 2018
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Fm. Tremasteridae Sladen 1889
Unr. Velatida Perrier 1893
Fm. Echinasteridae Verrill 1870
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G. Echinaster Müller and Troschel 1840
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Invalid names: Rhopia Gray 1840 [objective synonym]
G. Henricia Gray 1840
Subor. †Eugnathina Spencer and Wright 1966
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Fm. †Plesiosolasteridae Hess 1972
Invalid names: Arkonasteridae Kesling 1982 [empty]
Subor. Leptognathina Spencer and Wright 1966
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Fm. Valvasteridae Viguier 1878
Invalid names: Plumasteridae Gale 2011 [empty]
Unr. Tripedicellaria Gale 2011
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Unr. Forcipulatida Perrier 1884
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Fm. Asteriidae Gray 1840
Unr. Brisingida Fisher 1928
Fm. Heliasteridae Viguier 1878
Fm. Neomorphasteridae Fisher 1923
Fm. Pedicellasteridae Perrier 1884
G. †Psammaster Fau et al. 2020
Fm. †Stichasteridae Perrier 1885
Fm. Zoroasteridae Sladen 1889
Invalid names: Asteriadina Fisher 1928 [empty], Labidiasteridae Verrill 1914 [empty]
Superor. Valvatacea McKnight 1975
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G. †Carniaster Blake and Zonneveld 2004
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†Carniaster orchardi Blake and Zonneveld 2004
Or. Paxillosida Perrier 1884
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Fm. Astropectinidae Gray 1840
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G. †Advenaster Hess 1955
G. †Aldebarania Blake and Sturgeon 1995
G. †Astrocratis Blake and Sprinkle 1996
G. Astropecten Gray 1840
Subfm. Astropectininae Gray 1840
G. †Boxaster Loba and Radwańska 2022
G. †Coulonia de Loriol 1874
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Invalid names: Betelgeusia Blake and Reid 1998 [synonym], Cuneaster Hess 1955 [objective synonym]
G. Ctenophoraster Fisher 1906
G. Dipsacaster Alcock 1893
G. †Eoastropecten Gale 2020
G. †Eokainaster Blake 1981
G. †Pentasteria Valette 1929
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Invalid names: Crenaster d'Orbigny 1850 [synonym], Triboletia de Loriol 1908 [synonym]
G. Persephonaster Wood-Mason and Alcock 1891
G. Plutonaster Sladen 1889
G. †Prothrissacanthias Villier et al. 2007
G. †Riedaster Kutscher and Röper 1999
G. Tethyaster Sladen 1889
Fm. Benthopectinidae Verrill 1899
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Subfm. Benthopectininae Verrill 1894
G. Cheiraster Studer 1883
G. †Jurapecten Gale 2011
G. Nearchaster Fisher 1911
G. †Punkaster Gale and Jagt 2021
Invalid names: Paleobenthopectininae Blake 1984 [empty]
Unr. Cribellina Fisher 1911
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Fm. Goniopectinidae Verrill 1899
Fm. Porcellanasteridae Sladen 1883
Fm. Luidiidae Sladen 1889
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G. Luidia Forbes 1839
Fm. Pseudarchasteridae Sladen 1889
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G. Pseudarchaster Sladen 1889
G. †Skiaster Blake and Jagt 2005
G. †Sucia Blake 1973
Invalid names: Ctenodiscidae Sladen 1889 [empty], Diplozonina Spencer and Wright 1966 [empty], Notomyotina Ludwig 1910 [empty]
Or. Valvatida Perrier 1884
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Fm. Acanthasteridae Sladen 1889
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G. Acanthaster Gervais 1841
Fm. Archasteridae Viguier 1878
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G. Archaster Müller and Troschel 1840
G. †Asteriaceros Valette 1932
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†Asteriaceros papulosus de Loriol 1868
†Asteriaceros stelliferus Goldfuss 1833
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Invalid names: Asterias pustulata Quenstedt 1858 [synonym]
Fm. Asterinidae Gray 1840
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G. †Chaetasterina Hess 1970
Invalid names: Asterininae Gray 1840 [empty]
Fm. Asterodiscididae Rowe 1977
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G. †Kionaster Blake and Portell 2011
Fm. Chaetasteridae Sladen 1889
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G. †Arthraster Forbes 1848
G. †Geinitzaster Zitt 2005
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†Geinitzaster decoratus Geinitz 1871
Fm. Goniasteridae Forbes 1841
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G. †Bugarachaster Breton 1992
G. †Buterminaster Blake and Zinsmeister 1988
G. †Caletaster Breton 1978
G. Calliaster Gray 1840
G. Calliderma Gray 1847
G. †Capellia Blake and Reid 1998
G. †Cenomanaster Wright 1951
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Invalid names: Jacobella Mercier 1935 [replaced]
G. Ceramaster Verrill 1899
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Invalid names: Petalastrum de Gregorio 1895 [synonym]
G. †Chomataster Spencer 1913
G. Cladaster Verrill 1899
G. †Codellaster Blake and Kues 2002
G. †Comptonia Gray 1840
G. †Comptoniaster Breton 1983
G. †Cottreauaster Wright 1951
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Invalid names: Spenceraster Cottreau 1929 [replaced]
G. †Crateraster Spencer 1913
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Invalid names: Austinaster Adkins 1928 [synonym]
G. †Cymbaster Breton and Néraudeau 2008
G. †Fayoumaster Roman and Strougo 1987
G. †Fomalhautia Blake and Reid 1998
G. †Forbesiaster de Loriol 1909
G. †Fredaster Breton and Néraudeau 2008
G. †Galbaster Villier et al. 2004
Subfm. Goniasterinae Forbes 1841
G. †Haccourtaster Jagt 2000
G. †Hessaster Gale 2011
G. Hippasteria Gray 1840
G. †Huroeaster Valette 1915
G. †Leptogonium Pomel 1885
G. †Marocaster Blake and Reboul 2011
G. †Mastaster Mercier 1935
G. Mediaster Stimpson 1857
G. †Metopaster Sladen 1893
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Invalid names: Dictydaster Mercier 1935 [synonym], Mitraster Sladen 1893 [synonym], Ravniaster Brünnich-Nielsen 1943 [synonym], Spenceria Fourtau 1914 [synonym]
G. †Miopentagonaster Mercier 1935
G. †Nehalemia Blake 1973
G. †Noviaster Valette 1929
G. Nymphaster Sladen 1889
G. †Ocalaster Blake and Portell 2009
G. Ogmaster Martens 1865
G. †Ophryaster Spencer 1913
G. †Oyenaster Blake and Portell 2009
G. †Pachyaster de Loriol 1909
G. Paragonaster Sladen 1889
G. †Parametopaster Breton 1992
G. †Peedeeaster Mah 2022
G. Peltaster Verrill 1899
G. †Pulcinellaster Breton 1992
G. †Spenceraster Lambert 1914
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Invalid names: Trachyaster Spencer 1913 [replaced]
G. †Talecaster Breton 1992
G. †Teichaster Spencer 1913
G. Tesselaster Clark 1941
G. †Tomidaster Sladen 1891
G. Tosia Gray 1840
G. †Tylasteria Valette 1929
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Invalid names: Tylaster Spencer 1913 [replaced]
G. †Weitschataster Neumann and Girod 2018
Invalid names: Hippasteriinae Verrill 1899 [empty], Pentetagonaster d'Orbigny 1850 [nomen dubium]
Subor. Granulosina Perrier 1894
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Fm. Radiasteridae Fisher 1916
G. †Leptaster de Loriol 1880
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†Leptaster martinii de Loriol 1880
Fm. Odontasteridae Verrill 1899
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G. Odontaster Verrill 1880
Fm. Ophidiasteridae Verrill 1870
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G. †Altairia Blake and Reid 1998
G. Certonardoa Clark 1921
G. †Chariaster de Loriol 1909
G. †Denebia Blake and Reid 1998
G. Linckia Nardo 1834
G. Nardoa Gray 1840
G. Ophidiaster Agassiz 1836
G. †Sladenia de Loriol 1909
Fm. Oreasteridae Fisher 1911
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G. Anthenea Gray 1840
G. Culcita Presl 1836
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Invalid names: Goniodiscus Müller and Troschel 1842 [synonym]
G. Goniodiscaster Clark 1909
G. Oreaster Müller and Troschel 1842
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Invalid names: Pentaceros Gray 1840 [synonym]
Fm. Poraniidae Perrier 1893
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G. †Noriaster Blake et al. 2000
G. Sphaeriaster Dons 1939
Fm. †Pycinasteridae Spencer and Wright 1966
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G. †Phocidaster Spencer 1913
G. †Pycinaster Spencer 1907
Fm. †Sphaerasteridae Schöndorf 1906
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G. †Bulbosphaeraster Gale 2021
G. †Echinosphaeraster Gale 2021
G. †Eosphaeraster Gale 2021
G. †Pouzaster Gale 2021
G. †Rugosphaeraster Gale 2021
G. †Sphaeraster Quenstedt 1876
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Invalid names: Sphaerites Quenstedt 1852 [replaced]
G. †Testudinaster Hess 1983
G. †Valettaster Lambert 1914
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Invalid names: Tholaster Spencer 1913 [replaced]
Fm. †Stauranderasteridae Spencer 1913
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G. †Aspidaster de Loriol 1884
G. †Hadranderaster Spencer 1907
G. †Lithaster Hess 1977
G. †Manfredaster Villier et al. 2004
G. †Poncetaster Villier et al. 2004
G. †Stauranderaster Spencer 1907
G. †Stauraster Valette 1928
Invalid names: Asteropseidae Hotchkiss and Clark 1976 [empty], Ganeriidae Sladen 1889 [empty], Goniasteroidea Blake 1987 [empty], Mithrodiidae Viguier 1878 [empty], Tumulosina Spencer and Wright 1966 [empty], Valvata Perrier 1884 [replaced]
Invalid names: Notomyotida Ludwig 1910 [empty]
Invalid names: Henricia venturana Durham and Roberts 1948 [nomen dubium], Pentasteria (Archastropecten) hastingiae Forbes 1848 [nomen dubium]
Diagnosis
ReferenceDiagnosis
D. B. Blake and H. Hagdorn 2003Asteroids with ambulacrals and adambulacrals alternating (offset), ambulacrals abutting two successive adambulacrals. More or less prominent winglike facets on ambulacrals support connective tissues extending to grooves on adambulacrals. Adradially, longitudinal
ambulacral-ambulacrat articular surfaces clearly differentiated. Dorsal podial pores well developed, therefore ambulacrals more or less hourglassshaped.
Adambulacrals broadly of inverted J-shape, linked ventrally by large interadambulacral muscle depressions; hook of inverted "J" abuts, overlaps successively; direction of overlap either distal or proximal. In ventral arm view of undistorted specimen, subsequent adambulacrals separated by muscle gap.