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Dicynodontia (dicynodont)

Anomodontia

Taxonomy
Dicynodontia was named by Owen (1859).

It was reranked as the family Dicynodontia by Owen (1860) and Owen (1861); it was corrected as Dicynodontia by Osborn (1903), Swinton (1934), Kuhn (1946), Carroll (1988), Gauthier et al. (1989), Rubidge and Sidor (2001), Ivakhnenko (2003) and Ivakhnenko (2008); it was replaced with Dicynodontiformes by Hay (1930); it was synonymized subjectively with Anomodontia by Roxo (1937); it was reranked as the infraorder Dicynodontia by Barry (1974), Kemp (1982), King (1988), King and Jenkins (1997) and Battail and Surkov (2000); it was reranked as the unranked clade Dicynodontia by Gardiner (1982), Rybczynski (2000), Modesto et al. (2002), Angielczyk and Rubidge (2009), Kammerer and Angielczyk (2009), Angielczyk and Rubidge (2010), Kammerer et al. (2011), Fröbisch and Reisz (2011), Hancox et al. (2013), Kammerer et al. (2013), Angielczyk et al. (2016), Olroyd et al. (2017), Sulej and Niedźwiedzki (2019) and Liu (2020); it was reranked as the suborder Dicynodontia by Seeley (1895), Woodward (1898), Osborn (1903) and Rubidge et al. (2023).

It was assigned to Sauria by Owen (1859); to Therochelonia by Seeley (1895); to Theromorpha by Swinton (1934) and Kuhn (1946); to Testudinata by Gardiner (1982); to Therapsida by Carroll (1988) and King and Jenkins (1997); to Anomodontia by Barry (1974), Kemp (1982) and Battail and Surkov (2000); to Therapsida by Modesto et al. (2002); to Therapsida by Gauthier et al. (1989) and Maisch and Gebauer (2005); to Chainosauria by Kammerer and Angielczyk (2009), Angielczyk and Rubidge (2010), Fröbisch and Reisz (2011) and Angielczyk et al. (2016); to Anomodontia by Rybczynski (2000), Angielczyk and Rubidge (2009), Kammerer et al. (2011), Hancox et al. (2013), Kammerer et al. (2013), Olroyd et al. (2017), Sulej and Niedźwiedzki (2019) and Liu (2020); to Anomodontia by Osborn (1903), Osborn (1904) and Liu (2021); and to Anomodontia by Owen (1860), Owen (1861), Woodward (1898), Osborn (1903), King (1988), Rubidge and Sidor (2001), Ivakhnenko (2003), Ivakhnenko (2008) and Rubidge et al. (2023).

Subtaxa
Bidentalia, Brachyprosopus (syn. Chelydontops), Chelyoposaurus, Chelyoposaurus williamsi, Dicranozygoma, Dicranozygoma leptoscelus, Dicynodon leptorhinus, Dicynodontida, Dicynodontidae, Dicynodontoidea, Diictodontia, Diictodontidae, Diictodontoidea, Dolichuranus (syn. Rhopalorhinus), Dolomitipes, Dromasaurida, Dromasauroidea, Emydopoidea, Emydorhinus, Endothiodontia, Endothiodontidae, Endothiodontoidea, Eocyclops, Eodicynodon, Eodicynodontia, Eodicynodontidae, Eodicynodontoidea, Eumantelliidae, Eurycarpus oweni, Fukangolepis barbaros, Haughtoniana, Haughtoniana magna, Heuneus, Hyorhynchus, Kannemeyeriidae, Kannemeyeriiformes, Kannemeyeroidea, Katumbia, Kingoridae, Kingorioidea, Koupia, Koupia koupensis, Oudenodon strigiceps, Pentasauropus, Platycyclops, Pristerodontia, Pristerodontoidea, Ptychognathus, Pylaecephalidae, Rhinodicynodon, Shansiodontidae, Stahleckeriidae (syn. Stahleckeriidae), Taognathus, Taognathus megalodon, Therapsipus, Therochelonia, Venjukoviamorpha
Sister taxa
Kannemeyeriiformes

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1845Dicynodon strigiceps Owen
1859Dicynodontia Owen p. 143
1860Dicynodontia Owen p. 236
1860Dicynodon strigiceps Owen p. 237
1861Dicynodontia Owen p. 256
1869Dicynodon strigiceps Seeley p. 136
1876Cistecephalus leptorhinus Owen
1876Oudenodon strigiceps Owen
1889Dicynodon oweni Lydekker
1889Eurycarpus oweni Seeley
1895Dicynodontia Seeley
1898Dicynodontia Woodward p. 141
1900Dicranozygoma Seeley
1900Dicranozygoma leptoscelus Seeley
1903Dicynodontia Osborn p. 276
1904Chelyoposaurus Broom
1904Chelyoposaurus williamsi Broom
1904Dicynodontia Osborn p. 103
1911Taognathus megalodon Broom
1911Taognathus Broom p. 1076
1913Chelyoposaurus Broom
1913Chelyoposaurus williamsi Broom
1913Taognathus Broom
1913Taognathus megalodon Broom
1932Dicynodon leptorhinus Broom
1932Dicynodon leptoscelus Broom
1934Dicynodontia Swinton p. 51
1934Oudenodon leptoscelus Van Hoepen
1938Haughtoniana Boonstra
1938Haughtoniana magna Boonstra
1946Dicynodontia Kuhn p. 58
1948Koupia Boonstra
1948Koupia koupensis Boonstra
1969Koupia Boonstra
1974Dicynodontia Barry p. 121
1978Fukangolepis barbaros Yang p. 60
1982Dicynodontia Gardiner p. 228
1982Dicynodontia Kemp p. 348
1988Dicynodontia Carroll
1988Haughtoniana Carroll
1988Koupia Carroll
1988Taognathus Carroll
1988Chelyoposaurus King
1988Dicynodon leptoscelus King
1988Dicynodontia King
1989Dicynodontia Gauthier et al. p. 341
1997Dicynodontia King and Jenkins p. 150
2000Dicynodontia Battail and Surkov
2000Dicynodontia Rybczynski p. 199
2001Dicynodontia Rubidge and Sidor
2002Dicynodontia Modesto et al. p. 1756
2003Dicynodontia Ivakhnenko
2005Dicynodontia Maisch and Gebauer
2008Dicynodontia Ivakhnenko
2009Dicynodontia Angielczyk and Rubidge p. 1163
2009Dicynodontia Kammerer and Angielczyk
2010Dicynodontia Angielczyk and Rubidge
2011Dicynodontia Fröbisch and Reisz
2011Dicynodontia Kammerer et al.
2013Dicynodontia Hancox et al. p. 656
2013Dicynodontia Kammerer et al. p. 3
2016Dicynodontia Angielczyk et al.
2017Dicynodontia Olroyd et al.
2019Dicynodontia Sulej and Niedźwiedzki p. S4
2020Dicynodontia Liu
2021Dicynodontia Liu
2023Dicynodontia Rubidge et al. p. 3

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
—Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
RankNameAuthor
—Tetrapoda
—Reptiliomorpha
—Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
—Cotylosauria()
—Amniota
subclassSynapsida
—Therapsida()
orderAnomodontiaOwen 1859
orderDicynodontia()
orderDicynodontia()

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Or. †Dicynodontia Owen 1859 [dicynodont]
show all | hide all
Unr. †Bidentalia Owen 1876
+
G. †Rastodon Boos et al. 2016
+
†Rastodon procurvidens Boos et al. 2016
Invalid names: Dicynodon rectidens Owen 1876 [nomen dubium]
G. †Brachyprosopus Olson 1937
+
†Brachyprosopus broomi Olson 1937
+
Invalid names: Chelydontops altidentalis Cluver 1975 [synonym]
Invalid names: Chelydontops Cluver 1975 [synonym]
Fm. †Dicynodontidae Owen 1859
+
Subfm. †Aulacephalodontinae Cluver and King 1983
+
Invalid names: Aulacephalodontini Toerien 1953 [empty], Pelanomodontini Cluver and King 1983 [empty]
Subfm. †Cryptodontinae Owen 1859
+
Invalid names: Oudenodontini King 1988 [empty], Pelorocyclopini Van Hoepen 1934 [empty], Tropidostomini Cluver and King 1983 [empty]
Subfm. †Dicynodontinae Owen 1859
+
G. †Fortunodon Kurkin 2012
+
†Fortunodon amalitzkii Kurkin 2012
†Fortunodon trautscholdi Kurkin 2012
G. †Elph Kurkin 1999
+
†Elph borealis Kurkin 1999
G. †Interpresosaurus Kurkin 2001
+
†Interpresosaurus blomi Kurkin 2001
Subfm. †Kannemeyeriinae Huene 1948
+
G. †Calleonasus Kalandadze 1985
G. †Rabidosaurus Kalandadze 1970
+
†Rabidosaurus cristatus Kalandadze 1970
Tr. †Shansiodontini Cox 1965
+
G. †Tetragonias Cruickshank 1967
+
†Tetragonias njalilus von Huene 1942
Invalid names: Kannemeyeriini Lehman 1970 [empty], Lystrosaurini Broom 1903 [empty], Placeriini King 1988 [empty], Sinokannemeyeriini King 1988 [empty], Stahleckeriini Lehman 1961 [empty]
G. †Sagecephalus Jaekel 1911
G. †Striodon Sun 1978
Invalid names: Orophicephalinae Van Hoepen 1934 [empty], Pelorocyclopinae Van Hoepen 1934 [empty]
Unr. †Dicynodontoidea Cluver and King 1983
+
G. †Basilodon Kammerer et al. 2011
+
†Basilodon woodwardi Broom 1913
+
Invalid names: Dicynodon calverleyi Broom 1940 [synonym], Dicynodon microdon Broom 1936 [synonym], Dicynodon weatherbyi Broom 1941 [synonym]
G. †Counillonia Olivier et al. 2019
+
†Counillonia superoculis Olivier et al. 2019
G. †Daptocephalus van Hoepen 1934
+
†Daptocephalus huenei Haughton 1932
+
Invalid names: Dicynodon broilii Boonstra 1948 [objective synonym]
+
Invalid names: Daptocephalus osborni Broom 1921 [synonym], Daptocephalus watsoni Broom 1921 [synonym], Dicynodon daptocephaloides Toerien 1955 [synonym], Dicynodon leontocephalus Broom 1950 [synonym], Dicynodon leontops Broom 1913 [synonym], Dicynodon lissops Broom 1913 [synonym]
G. †Delectosaurus Kurkin 2001
+
†Delectosaurus arefjevi Kurkin 2001
G. †Dicynodon Owen 1845
+
†Dicynodon angielczyki Kammerer 2019
†Dicynodon hartzenbergi Broom 1940
†Dicynodon lacerticeps Owen 1845
+
Invalid names: Daptocephalus pardiceps Owen 1876 [synonym], Daptocephalus pardiceps Owen 1876 [synonym], Dicynodon aetorhamphus Broom 1948 [synonym], Dicynodon aetorhamphus Broom 1948 [synonym], Dicynodon cadlei Broom 1940 [synonym], Dicynodon cadlei Broom 1940 [synonym], Dicynodon dutoiti Broom and Schepers 1937 [synonym], Dicynodon dutoiti Broom and Schepers 1937 [synonym], Dicynodon kitchingi Broom 1937 [synonym], Dicynodon kitchingi Broom 1937 [synonym], Dicynodon taylori Broom 1932 [synonym], Dicynodon taylori Broom 1932 [synonym], Dicynodon trigonocephalus Broom 1940 [synonym], Dicynodon trigonocephalus Broom 1940 [synonym]
†Dicynodon lacerticeps Owen 1845
+
Invalid names: Daptocephalus pardiceps Owen 1876 [synonym], Daptocephalus pardiceps Owen 1876 [synonym], Dicynodon aetorhamphus Broom 1948 [synonym], Dicynodon aetorhamphus Broom 1948 [synonym], Dicynodon cadlei Broom 1940 [synonym], Dicynodon cadlei Broom 1940 [synonym], Dicynodon dutoiti Broom and Schepers 1937 [synonym], Dicynodon dutoiti Broom and Schepers 1937 [synonym], Dicynodon kitchingi Broom 1937 [synonym], Dicynodon kitchingi Broom 1937 [synonym], Dicynodon taylori Broom 1932 [synonym], Dicynodon taylori Broom 1932 [synonym], Dicynodon trigonocephalus Broom 1940 [synonym], Dicynodon trigonocephalus Broom 1940 [synonym]
†Dicynodon pachyrhynchus Jaekel 1911
Invalid names: Dicynodon cordylus Seeley 1888 [nomen dubium], Eurycarpus Seeley 1889 [synonym], Kingoria grahami Broom 1940 [nomen dubium]
G. †Dinanomodon Broom 1938
+
†Dinanomodon gilli Broom 1932
+
Invalid names: Dicynodon anneae Broom 1940 [synonym], Dicynodon galecephalus Broom and Robinson 1948 [synonym], Dicynodon macrodon Broom 1940 [synonym], Dinanomodon gigas Broom 1940 [synonym], Dinanomodon rubidgei Broom 1938 [synonym]
G. †Gordonia Newton 1893
+
†Gordonia traquairi Newton 1893
+
Invalid names: Gordonia duffiana Newton 1893 [synonym], Gordonia huxleyana Newton 1893 [synonym], Gordonia juddiana Newton 1893 [synonym]
G. †Jimusaria Sun 1963
+
†Jimusaria monanensis Shi and Liu 2023
†Jimusaria sinkianensis Yuan and Young 1934
+
Invalid names: Dicynodon taoshuyuanensis Sun 1973 [synonym]
G. †Kannemeyeria Seeley 1908
+
†Kannemeyeria aganosteus Kammerer and Ordoñez 2021
†Kannemeyeria lophorhinus Renaut et al. 2003
†Kannemeyeria simocephala Weithofer 1888
+
Invalid names: Kannemeyeria latifrons Broom 1899 [synonym], Kannemeyeria wilsoni Broom 1937 [objective synonym], Sagecephalus pachyrhynchus Jaekel 1911 [synonym]
G. †Kunpania Sun 1978
+
†Kunpania scopulusa Sun 1978
Fm. †Lystrosauridae Broom 1903
+
G. †Euptychognathus Kammerer et al. 2011
+
G. †Kwazulusaurus Maisch 2002
+
†Kwazulusaurus shakai Maisch 2002
G. †Lystrosaurus Cope 1870
+
†Lystrosaurus broomi Young 1939
†Lystrosaurus curvatus Owen 1876
+
Invalid names: Lystrosaurus andersoni Broom [synonym], Lystrosaurus jorisseni Van Hoepen 1916 [synonym], Lystrosaurus oviceps Haughton 1915 [synonym], Lystrosaurus platyceps Seeley 1898 [synonym], Lystrosaurus theileri Van Hoepen 1916 [synonym], Lystrosaurus wageri Van Hoepen 1916 [synonym]
†Lystrosaurus declivis Brink 1951
+
Invalid names: Dicynodon (Ptychognathus) latirostris Owen 1860 [synonym], Lystrosaurus primitivus Toerien 1954 [synonym], Lystrosaurus wagneri Van Hoepen 1916 [synonym], Ptychognathus alfredi Owen 1862 [synonym], Ptychognathus declivis Owen 1860 [objective synonym], Ptychognathus depressus Owen 1876 [synonym], Ptychosiagum declivis Lydekker 1890 [objective synonym]
†Lystrosaurus georgi Kalandadze 1975
†Lystrosaurus hedini Young 1935
†Lystrosaurus maccaigi Seeley 1898
+
Invalid names: Lystrosaurus amphibius Brink 1951 [synonym], Lystrosaurus putterilli Van Hoepen 1915 [synonym]
†Lystrosaurus murrayi Huxley 1859
+
Invalid names: Dicynodon (Ptychognathus) verticalis Owen 1860 [synonym], Dicynodon copei Seeley 1889 [synonym], Dicynodon orientalis Huxley 1865 [synonym], Lystrosaurus bothai Broom 1941 [synonym], Lystrosaurus breyeri Van Hoepen 1915 [synonym], Lystrosaurus frontosus Cope 1870 [synonym], Lystrosaurus jeppei Van Hoepen 1916 [synonym], Lystrosaurus rajurkari Tripathi and Satsangi 1963 [synonym], Lystrosaurus rubidgei Broom 1940 [synonym], Prolystrosaurus natalensis Haughton 1917 [synonym], Ptychognathus boopis Owen 1876 [synonym], Ptychosiagum murrayi Lydekker 1890 [synonym]
+
Invalid names: Lystrosaurus latifrons Sun 1973 [synonym]
†Lystrosaurus youngi Sun 1964
Invalid names: Dicynodon seeleyi Broili 1908 [nomen dubium], Lystrosaurus weidenreichi Young 1939 [nomen dubium], Prolystrosaurus Haughton 1917 [synonym], Prolystrosaurus strigops Broom 1913 [nomen dubium], Ptychosiagum Lydekker 1890 [synonym]
G. †Peramodon Kammerer et al. 2011
+
†Peramodon amalitzkii Seeley 1908
G. †Sintocephalus Van Hoepen 1934
+
†Sintocephalus alticeps Broom and Haughton 1913
G. †Syops Kammerer et al. 2011
+
†Syops vanhoepeni Boonstra 1938
+
Invalid names: Dicynodon roberti Boonstra 1938 [synonym]
G. †Taoheodon Liu 2020
+
G. †Turfanodon Sun 1973
+
+
Invalid names: Dicynodon sunanensis Li et al. 2000 [synonym], Striodon magnus Sun 1978 [synonym]
G. †Vivaxosaurus Kalandadze and Kurkin 2000
+
†Vivaxosaurus trautscholdi Amalitzky 1922
+
Invalid names: Gordonia annae Amalitzky 1922 [synonym], Gordonia rossica Amalitzky 1922 [synonym], Oudenodon venyukovi Amalitzky 1922 [synonym], Vivaxosaurus permirus Kalandadze and Kurkin 2000 [synonym]
Invalid names: Dicynodon incisivum Repelin 1923 [nomen dubium], Dicynodon ingens Broom 1907 [nomen dubium], Dicynodon luckhoffi Broom 1937 [nomen dubium], Dicynodon testudiceps Owen 1845 [nomen dubium], Dicynodon venteri Broom 1935 [nomen dubium], Platypodosaurus Owen 1880 [nomen dubium]
Superfm. †Diictodontoidea Cluver and King 1983
+
Fm. †Robertiidae Cluver and King 1983
+
G. †Aulacocephalus Seeley 1898
+
†Aulacocephalus pithecops Seeley 1898
Subfm. †Diictodontinae Cluver and King 1983
+
G. †Diictodontoides Watson 1960
+
†Diictodontoides skaios Watson 1960
Invalid names: Robertiinae Cluver and King 1983 [empty]
G. †Dolichuranus Keyser 1973
+
†Dolichuranus latirostris Crozier 1970
†Dolichuranus primaevus Keyser 1973
+
Invalid names: Rhopalorhinus etionensis Keyser 1973 [synonym]
Invalid names: Rhopalorhinus Keyser 1973 [synonym]
G. †Dolomitipes Marchetti et al. 2019
+
†Dolomitipes accordii Ceoloni et al. 1988
†Dolomitipes icelsi de Klerk 2002
Infraor. †Dromasaurida Ivakhnenko 2003
+
Fm. †Galeopidae Broom 1912
+
G. †Parasuminia Kurkin 2017
+
†Parasuminia ivakhnenkoi Kurkin 2017
Superfm. †Emydopoidea van Hoepen 1934
+
G. †Compsodon Van Hoepen 1934
+
†Compsodon helmoedi Van Hoepen 1934
G. †Digalodon Broom and Robinson 1948
+
†Digalodon rubidgei Broom and Robinson 1948
Unr. †Emydopidae Cluver and King 1983
+
G. †Palemydops Broom 1921
+
†Palemydops minor Broom 1935
†Palemydops platysoma Broom 1921
†Palemydops rubidgeae Broom 1937
Subfm. †Emydopinae Cluver and King 1983
+
Tr. †Myosaurini Cluver and King 1983
+
G. †Myosauroides Broom 1941
+
†Myosauroides minnaari Broom 1941
Invalid names: Emydopini Cluver and King 1983 [empty]
G. †Emydops Broom 1912
+
†Emydops arctatus Owen 1876
+
Invalid names: Dicynodon ictinops Broom 1921 [synonym], Emydops brachyops Broom 1905 [synonym], Emydops longus Broom 1921 [synonym], Emydops minimus Broom 1935 [synonym], Emydops minor Broom 1912 [synonym], Emydops parvus Broom 1921 [synonym]
†Emydops haughtoni Janensch 1952
†Emydops oweni Fröbisch and Reisz 2008
Invalid names: Dicynodon megalorhinus Broom 1904 [nomen dubium], Diictodon pseudojouberti Boonstra 1948 [nomen dubium], Emydops platyceps Broom and Haughton 1917 [nomen dubium], Emydopsis Broom 1921 [synonym], Storthyggnathus Janensch 1952 [synonym]
Unr. †Kingoriidae King 1988
+
G. †Dicynodontoides Broom 1940
+
†Dicynodontoides nowacki von Huene 1942
+
Invalid names: Dicynodon clarencei Broom 1950 [synonym], Dicynodontoides parringtoni Broom 1940 [synonym], Kingoria duvenhagei Broom 1948 [synonym], Kingoria gracilis Broom 1901 [synonym], Kingoria howardi Broom 1948 [synonym]
Invalid names: Kingoria Cox 1959 [synonym]
G. †Kombuisia Hotton 1974
+
†Kombuisia antarctica Fröbisch et al. 2010
†Kombuisia frerensis Hotton 1974
G. †Niassodon Castanhinha et al. 2014
+
†Niassodon mfumukasi Castanhinha et al. 2014
G. †Thliptosaurus Kammerer 2019
+
†Thliptosaurus imperforatus Kammerer 2019
Unr. †Kistecephalia Seeley 1894
+
Unr. †Cistecephalidae Broom 1903
+
G. †Cistecephaloides Cluver 1974
+
G. †Cistecephalus Owen 1876
+
+
Invalid names: Cistecephalus angusticeps Broom 1932 [synonym], Cistecephalus laticeps Brink 1950 [synonym], Cistecephalus major Broom 1948 [synonym], Cistecephalus planiceps Owen 1876 [synonym], Cistecephalus platyfrons Broom 1948 [synonym], Cistecephalus rubidgei Broom 1948 [synonym]
G. †Kawingasaurus Cox 1972
+
G. †Kembawacela Angielczyk et al. 2019
+
†Kembawacela kitchingi Angielczyk et al. 2019
†Kembawacela yajuwayeyi Araújo et al. 2022
G. †Sauroscaptor Kammerer et al. 2016
+
†Sauroscaptor tharavati Kammerer et al. 2016
Invalid names: Myosauridae Kitching 1968 [empty]
G. †Myosaurus Haughton 1917
+
†Myosaurus gracilis Hammer and Cosgriff 1981
Invalid names: Cistecephalinae Broom 1903 [empty]
G. †Emydorhinus Broom 1935
+
†Emydorhinus sciuroides Broom 1921
+
Invalid names: Emydorhinus fragilis Broom 1935 [synonym]
Unr. †Endothiodontia Owen 1876
+
G. †Abajudon Angielczyk et al. 2014
+
†Abajudon kaayai Angielczyk et al. 2014
G. †Cryptocynodon Seeley 1894
+
†Cryptocynodon schroederi Janensch 1952
†Cryptocynodon simus Seeley 1894
G. †Endothiodon Owen 1876
+
+
Invalid names: Endothiodon uniseries Owen [synonym], Endothiodon whaitsi Broom 1912 [synonym], Pachytegos stockleyi Haughton 1932 [synonym]
†Endothiodon tolani Cox and Angielczyk 2015
Invalid names: Pachytegos Haughton 1932 [synonym]
G. †Lanthanostegus Modesto et al. 2003
+
†Lanthanostegus mohoii Modesto et al. 2002
Invalid names: Lanthanocephalus Modesto et al. 2002 [replaced]
G. †Pristerodon Huxley 1868
+
†Pristerodon agilis Broom 1904
†Pristerodon boonstrai Broili and Schroeder 1935
†Pristerodon buffaloensis Toerien 1953
†Pristerodon mackayi Huxley 1868
+
Invalid names: Brachyuraniscus merwevillensis Toerien 1953 [synonym], Brachyuraniscus reuningi Broili and Schröder 1935 [synonym], Cerataelurus mirabilis Broom 1931 [synonym], Dicynodon swierstrai Broom 1940 [synonym], Diictodon pygmaeus Broom and Haughton 1917 [synonym], Emydops kitchingi Toerien 1953 [synonym], Emydops longiceps Broom 1913 [synonym], Emydops microdon Broom 1936 [synonym], Emydops murraysburgensis Toerien 1953 [synonym], Emydops trigoniceps Broom 1904 [synonym], Parringtoniella broomi Toerien 1953 [synonym], Pristerodon microrhynchus von Huene 1931 [synonym], Pristerodon raniceps Owen 1876 [synonym]
†Pristerodon mirus Broom 1935
†Pristerodon oudebergensis Toerien 1953
†Pristerodon platyceps Broom 1937
†Pristerodon vanhoepeni Broili and Schroeder 1935
†Pristerodon whaitsi Broom 1911
Invalid names: Brachyuraniscus Broili and Schroeder 1935 [synonym], Cerataelurus Broom 1931 [synonym], Eumantellia Broom 1935 [synonym], Hueneus Toerien 1953 [synonym], Newtonella Broom 1937 [synonym], Opisthoctenodon Broom 1904 [synonym], Parringtoniella Toerien 1953 [synonym]
Fm. †Endothiodontidae Owen 1876
+
Invalid names: Endothiodontinae Haughton and Brink 1954 [empty], Eumantellinae Haughton and Brink 1954 [empty], Parringtoniellinae Haughton and Brink 1954 [empty]
G. †Eocyclops Broom 1913
G. †Eodicynodon Barry 1974
+
†Eodicynodon oelofseni Rubidge 1990
G. †Heuneus Toerien 1953
G. †Hyorhynchus Seeley 1889
Fm. †Kannemeyeriidae Huene 1948
+
G. †Acratophorus Kammerer and Ordoñez 2021
+
†Acratophorus argentinensis Kammerer and Ordoñez 2021
+
Invalid names: Vinceria argentinensis Bonaparte 1965 [objective synonym], Vinceria vieja Domnanovich and Marsicano 2012 [objective synonym]
G. †Barysoma Cox 1965
G. †Chanaria Cox 1968
G. †Jacheleria Bonaparte 1971
G. †Parakannemeyeria Sun 1960
+
+
Invalid names: Parakannemeyeria xingxianensis Cheng 1980 [synonym]
G. †Rechnisaurus Chowdhury 1970
+
†Rechnisaurus cristarhynchus Chowdhury 1970
Subfm. †Shansiodontinae Cox 1965
+
G. †Parvobestiola Surkov 1999
Subfm. †Sinokannemeyeriinae King 1988
+
G. †Cristonasus Surkov 1999
G. †Nasoplanites Surkov 1999
G. †Planitorostris Surkov 1999
+
G. †Putillosaurus Surkov 2005
+
†Putillosaurus sennikovi Surkov 2005
G. †Rhadiodromus Efremov 1951
+
†Rhadiodromus klimovi Efremov 1940
+
Invalid names: Rhinocerocephalus cisuralensis Vjuschkov 1969 [synonym]
†Rhadiodromus mariae Surkov 2003
Invalid names: Rhinocerocephalus Vjuschkov 1969 [synonym]
G. †Wadiasaurus Chowdhury 1970
+
†Wadiasaurus indicus Chowdhury 1970
G. †Xiyukannemeyeria Liu and Li 2003
+
Or. †Kannemeyeriiformes Huene 1948
+
G. †Angonisaurus Cox and Li 1983
+
†Angonisaurus cruickshanki Cox and Li 1983
G. †Elephantosaurus Vjuschkov 1969
+
G. †Repelinosaurus Olivier et al. 2019
+
†Repelinosaurus robustus Olivier et al. 2019
G. †Woznikella Szczygielski and Sulej 2023
+
†Woznikella triradiata Szczygielski and Sulej 2023
Invalid names: Brachybrachium Williston 1904 [nomen dubium], Brachybrachium brevipes Williston 1904 [nomen dubium], Calleonasus furvus Kalandadze 1985 [nomen dubium], Cristonasus koltaeviensis Surkov 1999 [nomen dubium], Dicynodon tener Huene 1935 [nomen dubium], Dicynodon turpior Huene 1935 [nomen dubium], Elatosaurus facetus Kalandadze 1985 [nomen dubium], Nasoplanites danilovi Surkov 1999 [nomen dubium], Parvobestiola bashkiriensis Surkov 1999 [nomen dubium]
G. †Katumbia Angielczyk 2007
+
†Katumbia parringtoni von Huene 1942
G. †Pentasauropus Ellenberger 1970
+
†Pentasauropus argentinae Lagnaoui et al. 2019
†Pentasauropus incredibilis Ellenberger 1970
+
Invalid names: Pentasauropus erectus Ellenberger 1970 [synonym], Pentasauropus maphutsengi Ellenberger 1970 [synonym], Pentasauropus morobongensis Ellenberger 1970 [synonym], Pentasauropus motlejoi Ellenberger 1970 [synonym], Tetrasauropus gigas Ellenberger 1970 [synonym]
G. †Platycyclops Broom 1932
+
†Platycyclops richardi Broom 1948
Infraor. †Pristerodontia
+
Invalid names: Aulacephalodontidae Toerien 1953 [empty]
Superfm. †Pristerodontoidea Cluver and King 1983
+
Fm. †Pristerodontidae King 1988
+
G. †Eurychororhinus Broili and Schroeder 1935
Subfm. †Pristerodontinae Haughton and Brink 1954
+
G. †Emydorhynchus Broom 1913
+
†Emydorhynchus formosus Broom 1935
G. †Emyduranus Broom 1921
+
†Emyduranus gracilis Broom 1935
†Emyduranus platyops Broom 1921
G. †Synostocephalus Broili and Schroeder 1935
G. †Ptychognathus Owen 1860
Unr. †Pylaecephalidae Van Hoepen 1934
+
G. †Diictodon Broom 1913
+
†Diictodon feliceps Owen 1876
+
Invalid names: Dicynodon broomi Broili and Schröder 1937 [synonym], Dicynodon gamkaensis Broom 1937 [synonym], Dicynodon nanus Broom 1936 [synonym], Dicynodon parvidens Owen 1876 [synonym], Diictodon galeops Broom 1913 [synonym], Diictodon grimbeeki Broom 1935 [synonym], Diictodon grossharthi Broili and Schröder 1937 [synonym], Diictodon haughtonianus Huene 1931 [synonym], Diictodon ictidops Broom 1913 [synonym], Diictodon jouberti Broom 1905 [synonym], Diictodon macrorhynchus Broom 1921 [synonym], Diictodon palustris Broom 1913 [synonym], Diictodon psittacops Broom 1912 [synonym], Diictodon rubidgei Broom 1932 [synonym], Diictodon sesoma Watson 1960 [synonym], Diictodon sollasi Broom 1921 [synonym], Diictodon testudirostris Broom and Haughton 1913 [synonym], Diictodon tienshanensis Sun 1973 [synonym], Diictodon vanderhorsti Toerien 1953 [synonym]
Invalid names: Anomodon Keyser 1975 [synonym]
G. †Eosimops Broom 1921
+
†Eosimops newtoni Broom 1921
G. †Prosictodon Angielczyk and Rubidge 2010
+
†Prosictodon dubei Angielczyk and Rubidge 2010
G. †Pylaecephalus Van Hoepen 1934
G. †Robertia Boonstra 1948
+
†Robertia broomiana Boonstra 1948
+
Invalid names: Dicynodon schroederi Toerien 1953 [synonym]
Invalid names: Broilius Toerien 1953 [synonym]
G. †Rhinodicynodon Kalandadze 1970
+
†Rhinodicynodon gracile Kalandadze 1970
Fm. †Shansiodontidae Cox 1965
+
G. †Shansiodon Yeh 1959
+
†Shansiodon wangi Yeh 1959
+
Invalid names: Shansiodon wupuensis Cheng 1980 [synonym]
+
Invalid names: Shansiodon shaanbeiensis Cheng 1980 [synonym]
G. †Vinceria Bonaparte 1969
+
†Vinceria andina Bonaparte 1969
Fm. †Stahleckeriidae Cox 1965
+
Subfm. †Dinodontosaurinae Kalandadze 1973
+
G. †Elatosaurus Kalandadze 1985
G. †Dinodontosaurus Romer 1943
+
†Dinodontosaurus pedroanum Tupi-Caldas 1936
+
Invalid names: Dinodontosaurus oliveirai Romer 1943 [synonym]
Subfm. †Placeriinae King 1988
+
G. †Lisowicia Sulej and Niedźwiedzki 2019
+
†Lisowicia bojani Sulej and Niedźwiedzki 2019
G. †Moghreberia Dutuit 1980
+
†Moghreberia nmachouensis Dutuit 1980
+
Invalid names: Azarifeneria barrati Dutuit 1989 [synonym], Azarifeneria robustus Dutuit 1989 [synonym]
G. †Pentasaurus Kammerer 2018
+
†Pentasaurus goggai Kammerer 2018
G. †Placerias Lucas 1904
+
†Placerias hesternus Lucas 1904
+
Invalid names: Placerias gigas Camp and Welles 1956 [synonym]
Invalid names: Azarifeneria Dutuit 1989 [synonym]
G. †Uralokannemeyeria Danilov 1971
+
+
Invalid names: Edaxosaurus edentatus Kalandadze 1985 [synonym]
Invalid names: Edaxosaurus Kalandadze [synonym]
G. †Zambiasaurus Cox 1969
+
Subfm. †Stahleckeriinae Huene 1935
+
G. †Eubrachiosaurus Williston 1904
+
†Eubrachiosaurus browni Williston 1904
G. †Ischigualastia Cox 1962
+
G. †Jachaleria Bonaparte 1971
+
†Jachaleria candelariensis Araujo and Gonzaga 1980
†Jachaleria colorata Bonaparte 1971
G. †Sangusaurus Cox 1969
+
†Sangusaurus parringtonii Cruickshank 1986
G. †Stahleckeria Huene 1935
+
†Stahleckeria potens Huene 1935
+
Invalid names: Barysoma lenzii Romer and Price 1944 [synonym], Stahleckeria impotens Lucas 2002 [synonym]
G. †Sungeodon Maisch and Matzke 2014
+
†Sungeodon kimkraemerae Maisch and Matzke 2014
G. †Ufudocyclops Kammerer et al. 2019
+
†Ufudocyclops mukanelai Kammerer et al. 2019
Invalid names: Stahleckeriidae Cox 1965 [objective synonym]
G. †Therapsipus Hunt et al. 1993
+
†Therapsipus cumminsi Hunt et al. 1993
Invalid names: Chelyoposaurus Broom 1904 [nomen nudum], Chelyoposaurus williamsi Broom 1904 [nomen nudum], Dicranozygoma Seeley 1900 [nomen dubium], Dicranozygoma leptoscelus Seeley 1900 [nomen dubium], Dicynodon leptorhinus Owen 1876 [nomen dubium], Dicynodontida Ivakhnenko 2003 [empty], Diictodontia [empty], Diictodontidae Kemp 1982 [empty], Dromasauroidea Broom 1907 [empty], Endothiodontoidea Owen 1976 [empty], Eodicynodontia [empty], Eodicynodontidae Barry 1974 [empty], Eodicynodontoidea Cluver and King 1983 [empty], Eumantelliidae Broom 1935 [empty], Eurycarpus oweni Seeley 1889 [nomen dubium], Fukangolepis barbaros Yang 1978 [nomen dubium], Haughtoniana Boonstra 1938 [nomen dubium], Haughtoniana magna Boonstra 1938 [nomen dubium], Kannemeyeroidea Huene 1948 [empty], Kingoridae Kemp 1982 [empty], Kingorioidea Cluver and King 1983 [empty], Koupia Boonstra 1948 [nomen dubium], Koupia koupensis Boonstra 1948 [nomen dubium], Oudenodon strigiceps Owen 1845 [nomen dubium], Taognathus Broom 1911 [nomen nudum], Taognathus megalodon Broom 1911 [nomen nudum], Therochelonia Seeley 1895 [empty], Venjukoviamorpha [empty]
Diagnosis
ReferenceDiagnosis
R. Owen 1860A long ever-growing tusk in each maxillary bone ; pre-maxillaries connate, forming with the lower jaw a beak- shaped mouth, probably sheathed with horn.
R. Owen 1861A long ever-growing tusk in each maxillary bone; pre-maxillaries connate, forming with the lower jaw a beakshaped mouth, probably sheathed with horn.
H. G. Seeley 1895Premaxillary bone single without teeth. Nares never extending in advance of the anterior extremity of the palate. No developed coronoid process to the lower jaw. Squamosal bone produced below the zygomatic arch. The only teeth known at present are canine teeth in the skull. Articular faces of vertebrae flat.
C. F. Kammerer and K. D. Angielczyk 2009Several authors have presented autapomorphies for Dicynodontia (e.g., Cluver & King 1983; King 1988; Angielczyk 2001; Angielczyk & Kurkin 2003a; Ray 2006). Here, we focus on autapomorphies that were listed by or can be derived from Modesto et al. (1999, 2003a), Modesto & Rybczynski (2000), Angielczyk (2004, 2007), Fröbisch (2007), and Fröbisch & Reisz (2008). Because all dicynodonts, including Eodicynodon, possess highly distinct skull and jaw morphologies compared to most other therapsids, Dicynodontia is characterized by considerable numbers of autapomorphies in most recent analyses. The most frequently cited autapomorphies are: (1) nasal bosses present as a median swelling with a continuous posterior margin; (2) premaxillary teeth absent; (3) anterior maxillary teeth absent; (4) caniniform present and long; (5) caniniform process present; (6) internal narial shelf well developed and formed primarily by premaxilla and maxilla; (7) posterior median ridge on palatal surface of premaxilla present with a flattened, expanded anterior area; (8) lateral palatal foramen present at level of the anterior expanded palatal exposure of the palatines; (9) vomer contributes to interpterygoid vacuity; (10) transverse flange of pterygoid ventrally directed and relatively large, wing-like; (11) interpterygoid vacuity relatively long but does not reach the level of the palatal exposure of the palatines; (12) quadratojugal plate-like distally; (13) squamosal anterior process dorsoventrally compressed; (14) squamosal with a distinct dorsolateral notch in occipital view; (15) surangular vertical lamina absent; (16) prearticular without lateral exposure posteriorly.
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: phosphaticsubp
Environment: terrestrialuc
Locomotion: actively mobilec
Diet: herbivoreo
Created: 2009-01-03 20:33:45
Modified: 2009-01-03 22:33:45
Source: o = order, c = class, subp = subphylum, uc = unranked clade
References: Benton 1983, Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009

Age range: base of the Wordian to the top of the Albian or 266.90000 to 100.50000 Ma

Collections (510 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Permian298.9 - 251.902Mozambique Dicynodon angielczyki (227295)
Permian298.9 - 251.902South Africa (Karoo Basin) Diictodon sp. (188672)
Permian298.9 - 251.902Tanzania (Ruvuma) Abajudon kaayai (188881) Endothiodon indet. (188882)
Permian298.9 - 251.902Zambia Dicynodon angielczyki (227294)
Permian298.9 - 251.902South Africa Cistecephalus sp. (189533) Dicynodon sp. (189534) Dicynodontoides sp. (189535) Diictodon sp. (190082)
Guadalupian273.01 - 259.51South Africa (Eastern Cape) Eodicynodon oelofseni, Eodicynodon oosthuizeni (75452)
Guadalupian273.01 - 259.51South Africa (Northern Cape) Eodicynodon oosthuizeni (189033) Prosictodon dubei (188880)
Guadalupian273.01 - 259.51South Africa (Western Cape) Dicynodon jouberti, Opisthoctenodon brachyops, Dicynodon pseudojouberti (177007)
Guadalupian273.01 - 259.51Zambia (Southern) Dicynodontia indet. (171619)
Wordian266.9 - 264.28South Africa (Western Cape) Endothiodontidae indet., Dicynodontidae indet., Eodicynodon oosthuizeni (94777) Eodicynodon oosthuizeni (94649 94778 94779 176321)

Youngest occurrences
Time interval Ma Country or state PBDB collection number
Norian228.0 - 208.5USA (New Mexico) Dicynodontia indet. (75651) Ischigualastia sp. (93613 93616)
Norian228.0 - 208.5USA (Texas) Dicynodontia indet. (218126 218148) Placerias sp. (13273)
Norian228.0 - 208.5USA (Arizona) Placerias gigas (39160) Placerias hesternus (93500 93541 93544) Placerias sp. (52499 84264 92322 92821 93117 93118 93127)
Norian - Rhaetian228.0 - 201.3USA (Utah) Pentasauropus sp. (83555)
Norian - Rhaetian228.0 - 201.3South Africa (Eastern Cape) Pentasaurus goggai (36610)
Norian - Rhaetian228.0 - 201.3Poland (Slaskie) Dicynodontia indet., Lisowicia bojani (85500)
Norian - Rhaetian228.0 - 201.3Lesotho (Mohale's Hoek) Pentasauropus maphutsengi (56020)
Hettangian - Sinemurian201.3 - 190.8Lesotho (Quthing) Tetrasauropus gigas (56003)
Sinemurian199.3 - 190.8Lesotho (Leribe) Pentasauropus incredibilis (56014)
Aptian - Albian125.0 - 100.5Australia (Queensland) Dicynodontia indet. (93292)