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Placentalia (placental)
Taxonomy
Placentalia was named by Owen (1837). It is extant.
It was synonymized subjectively with Eutheria by Gadow (1898); it was synonymized subjectively with Monodelphia by Hay (1930); it was reranked as the order Placentalia by Olson (1966); it was reranked as the infraclass Placentalia by Rich et al. (1999).
It was assigned to Theria by Rowe (1988); to Mammalia by Owen (1837), Bonaparte (1845), Bonaparte (1850), Olson (1966), Seiffert and Simons (2000); to Theria by McKenna and Bell (1997), Rich et al. (1999), Shoshani and Tassy (2005); to Eutheria by Luo et al. (2011); and to Eutheria by Horovitz (2003), Averianov and Archibald (2005), Wible et al. (2007), Asher and Helgen (2010), Velazco et al. (2022).
It was synonymized subjectively with Eutheria by Gadow (1898); it was synonymized subjectively with Monodelphia by Hay (1930); it was reranked as the order Placentalia by Olson (1966); it was reranked as the infraclass Placentalia by Rich et al. (1999).
It was assigned to Theria by Rowe (1988); to Mammalia by Owen (1837), Bonaparte (1845), Bonaparte (1850), Olson (1966), Seiffert and Simons (2000); to Theria by McKenna and Bell (1997), Rich et al. (1999), Shoshani and Tassy (2005); to Eutheria by Luo et al. (2011); and to Eutheria by Horovitz (2003), Averianov and Archibald (2005), Wible et al. (2007), Asher and Helgen (2010), Velazco et al. (2022).
Subtaxa
Synonyms
|
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1837 | Placentalia Owen p. 903 |
| 1845 | Placentalia Bonaparte |
| 1850 | Placentalia Bonaparte p. 1 |
| 1872 | Monodelphia Gill p. 45 |
| 1889 | Monodelphia Cope p. 874 |
| 1902 | Monodelphia Hay p. 571 |
| 1930 | Monodelphia Hay p. 396 |
| 1937 | Monodelphia Thorpe p. 31 |
| 1966 | Placentalia Olson p. 302 |
| 1988 | Placentalia Rowe p. 245 figs. Figure 3 |
| 1996 | Ungulatomorpha Archibald |
| 1997 | Ungulatomorpha Averianov p. 249 |
| 1997 | Placentalia McKenna and Bell p. 80 |
| 1998 | Ungulatomorpha Archibald |
| 1998 | Ungulatomorpha Nessov et al. p. 45 |
| 1999 | Placentalia Rich et al. p. 4 |
| 1999 | Atlantogenata Waddell et al. p. cover |
| 2000 | Placentalia Seiffert and Simons p. 2646 |
| 2003 | Placentalia Horovitz |
| 2004 | Ungulatomorpha Kielan-Jaworowska et al. pp. 494, 509 |
| 2005 | Placentalia Averianov and Archibald p. 595 |
| 2005 | Placentalia Shoshani and Tassy p. 9 figs. Table 2 |
| 2007 | Placentalia Wible et al. |
| 2010 | Atlantogenata Asher and Helgen p. 3 figs. Figure 1 |
| 2010 | Placentalia Asher and Helgen p. 3 figs. Figure 1 |
| 2011 | Placentalia Luo et al. p. 444 |
| 2022 | Placentalia Velazco et al. figs. Fig. 1 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Unr. Placentalia Owen 1837 [placental]
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Superor. Afrotheria Stanhope et al. 1998
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Unr. Afroinsectiphilia Waddell et al. 2001
+
Unr. Afroinsectivora Waddell et al. 2001
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Or. Macroscelidea Butler 1956 [elephant shrew]
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Fm. †Adapisoricidae Schlosser 1887
Fm. †Afrohypselodontidae Senut and Pickford 2021
Fm. †Apheliscidae Matthew 1918
G. †Litocherus Gingerich 1983
Fm. †Louisinidae Hooker and Russell 2012
Fm. Macroscelididae Bonaparte 1838 [elephant shrew]
Fm. †Myohyracidae Andrews 1914
Fm. †Rhynchocyonidae Gill 1872
Invalid names: Dipogales Murray 1866 [synonym]
Superfm. Tenrecoidea Hay 1930
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Fm. Chrysochloridae Gray 1825 [golden mole]
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Invalid names: Amblysominae Simonetta 1957 [synonym], Eremitalpinae Simonetta 1957 [synonym]
Fm. Potamogalidae Allman 1866
G. †Qatranilestes Seiffert 2010
Invalid names: Afrosoricida Stanhope et al. 1998 [invalid subgroup], Centetoidea Gill 1872 [synonym], Tenrecomorpha Butler 1972 [synonym]
Invalid names: Haemochorialia [synonym]
Or. Tubulidentata Huxley 1872 [aardvark]
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Fm. Orycteropodidae Gray 1821
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G. †Amphiorycteropus Lehmann 2009
Subfm. Orycteropodinae Gray 1821
Invalid names: Orycteropodina Bonaparte 1850 [empty]
Invalid names: Fossoromorpha [synonym]
Unr. †Paenungulatomorpha Gheerbrant et al. 2016
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G. †Ocepeia Gheerbrant et al. 2001
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†Ocepeia daouiensis Gheerbrant et al. 2001
†Ocepeia grandis Gheerbrant et al. 2014
Superor. Paenungulata Simpson 1945
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Or. Hyracoidea Huxley 1869 [hyrax]
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G. †Dimaitherium Barrow et al. 2010
G. †Namahyrax Pickford et al. 2008
Fm. †Pliohyracidae Matsumoto 1926
G. †Rukwalorax Stevens et al. 2009
Fm. †Titanohyracidae Matsumoto 1926
Invalid names: Procaviamorpha Whitworth 1954 [empty], Pseudhippomorpha Whitworth 1954 [empty]
Unr. †Sudamericungulata Avilla and Mothé 2021
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Or. †Notoungulata Roth 1903 [notoungulate]
Subor. †Pyrotheria Ameghino 1895
Or. †Xenungulata Paula Couto 1952
Unr. Tethytheria McKenna 1975
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Or. †Embrithopoda
Or. Proboscidea Illiger 1811 [proboscidean]
Or. Sirenia Illiger 1811 [sirenian]
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Invalid names: Anthropocephala Billberg 1827 [objective synonym], Diopia Rafinesque 1815 [objective synonym], Halobioidea Ameghino 1889 [objective synonym], Herbivorae Gray 1821 [synonym], Manatides Billberg 1827 [objective synonym], Manatina Bonaparte 1837 [objective synonym], Sireniformia Burmeister 1837 [objective synonym], Trichechiformes Hay 1923 [objective synonym]
Invalid names: Behemota McKenna and Bell 1997 [empty]
Invalid names: Uranotheria [synonym]
Invalid names: Afroplacentalia [synonym], Ocepeiidae Gheerbrant et al. 2014 [empty], Pseudoungulata Waddell et al. 1999 [empty]
Unr. †Americatheria Shockey 2017
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Unr. Xenarthra Cope 1889 [edentate]
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G. †Adiastaltus Ameghino 1893
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†Adiastaltus habilis Ameghino 1893
†Adiastaltus procerus Ameghino 1894
Or. Cingulata Illiger 1811
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Fm. Chlamyphoridae Pocock 1924
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Subfm. Chlamyphorinae Bonaparte 1850
G. †Proeutatus Ameghino 1891
G. †Prozaedyus Ameghino 1891
G. †Stenotatus Ameghino 1891
Subor. †Glyptodontia Ameghino 1889
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G. †Chacus Zurita 2002
G. †Coscinocercus Cabrera 1939
G. †Eonaucum Scillato-Yané and Carlini 1998
G. †Eosclerophorus Castellanos 1948
Fm. †Glyptatelidae Castellanos 1932
Superfm. †Glyptodontoidea Gray 1869
Infraor. †Glyptodontoinei Gray 1869
G. †Isolinia Castellanos 1951
Tr. †Neothoracophorini Castellanos 1951
Tr. †Neuryurini Hoffstetter 1958
Tr. †Palaehoplophorini Hoffstetter 1958
G. †Parahoplophorus Castellanos 1932
G. †Phlyctaenopyga Cabrera 1944
G. †Plohophoroides Castellanos 1928
G. †Plohophorops Rusconi 1934
Infraor. †Propalaehoplophoroinei Ameghino 1891
G. †Stromaphoropsis Kraglevich 1932
G. †Trachycalyptus Ameghino 1908
G. †Uruguayurus Mones 1987
G. †Zaphilus Ameghino 1889
Fm. †Pachyarmatheriidae Fernicola et al. 2018
+
G. †Neoglyptatelus Carlini et al. 1997
G. †Pachyarmatherium Downing and White 1995
Unr. †Peltephilidae Ameghino 1894
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G. †Anantiosodon Ameghino 1891
G. †Epipeltephilus Ameghino 1904
G. †Parapeltecoelus Bordas 1938
G. †Peltecoelus Ameghino 1902
G. †Peltephilus Ameghino 1887
G. †Ronwolffia Shockey 2017
Invalid names: Euphracta [empty], Glyptodonta [empty]
Fm. †Ernanodontidae Ding 1979
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Subor. Hicanodonta Ameghino 1889
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Invalid names: Loricata [synonym], Mesodontia Ameghino 1885 [empty]
Unr. Phyllophaga Owen 1842
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Superfm. †Megalonychoidea
+
G. †Proplatyarthrus Ameghino 1905
Invalid names: Nothrotheriidae Ameghino 1920 [empty]
G. †Pseudoglyptodon Engelmann 1987
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†Pseudoglyptodon chilensis McKenna et al. 2006
†Pseudoglyptodon sallaensis Engelmann 1987
Invalid names: Gravigrada [synonym]
Infraor. Pilosa Flower 1883
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Unr. Folivora Delsuc et al. 2001
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Superfm. †Mylodontoidea Gill 1872
Invalid names: Tardigrada Latham and Davies 1795 [replaced]
Superfm. †Vermilingua
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Fm. Cyclopedidae Pocock 1924
Fm. Myrmecophagidae
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Invalid names: Adiastaltidae Ameghino 1894 [synonym], Anathitidae Ameghino 1894 [synonym]
Invalid names: Anicanodonta Ameghino 1889 [synonym]
Invalid names: Edentata Cuvier 1798 [synonym], Myrmecophagi Jaekel 1911 [empty], Placophori Jaekel 1911 [empty]
Unr. Boreoeutheria
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Unr. Euarchontoglires Murphy and Eizirik 2001
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Or. †Anagalida Szalay and McKenna 1971
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Fm. †Anagalidae Simpson 1931
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G. †Anagale Simpson 1931
G. †Anagalopsis Bohlin 1951
G. †Anaptogale Xu 1976
G. †Chianshania Xu 1976
G. †Diacronus Xu 1976
G. †Eosigale Hu 1993
G. †Hsiuannania Xu 1976
G. †Huaiyangale Xu 1976
G. †Interogale Huang and Zheng 1983
G. †Linnania Chow et al. 1973
G. †Pseudictops Matthew et al. 1929
G. †Qipania Hu 1993
G. †Stenanagale Wang 1975
G. †Wanogale Xu 1976
G. †Zofiagale López-Torres and Fostowicz-Frelik 2018
Fm. †Astigalidae Zhang and Tong 1981
+
G. †Astigale Zhang and Tong 1981
G. †Yupingale Tong and Wang 2006
G. †Zhujegale Zhang and Tong 1981
Fm. †Pseudictopidae Sulimski 1969
+
G. †Allictops Qiu 1977
G. †Anictops Qiu 1977
G. †Cartictops Ding and Tong 1979
G. †Haltictops Ding and Tong 1979
G. †Paranictops Qiu 1977
G. †Suyinia Tong and Wang 2006
Invalid names: Eurymyloidea Li 1977 [empty]
Unr. Euarchonta
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Or. Primates Linnaeus 1758 [primate]
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G. †Berruvius Russell 1964
G. †Ceciliolemur Weigelt 1933
G. †Chasselasia Schwartz and Tattersall 1982
Subor. Cheiromyoidea Wortman 1903
Unr. Euprimateformes Bloch et al. 2007
Infraor. Haplorhini Pocock 1918 [monkey]
G. †Megatarsius Weigelt 1933
Fm. †Micromomyidae Szalay 1974
Fm. †Microsyopidae Osborn and Wortman 1892
G. †Microtarsioides Weigelt 1933
G. †Nosmips Seiffert et al. 2010
Subor. †Plesiadapiformes Simons and Tattersall 1972
G. †Rooneyia Wilson 1966
Subor. Strepsirrhini Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1812
Invalid names: Ceciliolemuridae Weigelt 1933 [invalid subgroup], Ceciliolemuroidea Weigelt 1933 [invalid subgroup], Lemures Hubrecht [empty], Pithecus Geoffroy and Cuvier 1795 [nomen nudum], Plesitarsiiformes Gingerich 1974 [empty], Pliopithecus posthumus Schlosser 1924 [nomen dubium], Prosimiae Milne Edwards [empty], Prosimii Illiger 1811 [empty], Simia Linnaeus 1758 [nomen nudum], Simia (Cercopithecus) sinicus pileatus Kerr 1792 [nomen dubium], Simia apedia Linnaeus 1758 [nomen dubium], Simiolemuriformes [empty], Tarsii [empty], Tupaioidea Dobson 1882 [empty]
Unr. Primatomorpha Beard 1991
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Or. Dermoptera Illinger 1811 [colugo]
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Invalid names: Galeopithecia Jaekel 1911 [synonym], Ptenopleura Van der Hoeven 1858 [synonym], Pterophorae Gray 1821 [synonym]
Unr. Sundatheria
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Fm. †Plagiomenidae Matthew 1918
Or. Scandentia Wagner 1855 [treeshrew]
Invalid names: Paraprimates [synonym]
Unr. †Gliriformes Wyss and Meng 1996
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Fm. †Arctostylopidae Schlosser 1923
+
G. †Anatolostylops Zhai 1978
Subfm. †Arctostylopinae Tong and Wang 2006
G. †Arctostylops Matthew 1915
Subfm. †Asiostylopinae Zheng 1979
Subfm. †Bothriostylopinae Tong and Wang 2006
G. †Enantiostylops Averianov 2020
Subfm. †Kazachostylopinae Nessov 1987
G. †Palaeostylops Matthew and Granger 1925
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Invalid names: Gashatostylops Cifelli et al. 1989 [synonym]
G. †Sinostylops Tang and Yan 1976
G. †Stenostylops Huang et al. 2001
G. †Wanostylops Huang and Zheng 1997
Unr. Glires Linnaeus 1758
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Fm. Aspalacidae Gray 1825
Unr. Duplicidentata Illiger 1811
Fm. †Eurymylidae Matthew et al. 1929
Fm. Ierboidae Gray 1825
Or. †Mixodontia Sych 1971
Unr. Simplicidentata Flower 1883
G. †Sinomylus McKenna and Meng 2001
Invalid names: Lagostomyidae [empty], Ochtodontidae Waterhouse 1840 [empty], Rodentiaformes Wyss and Meng 1996 [empty]
Superfm. †Mixodectoidea Simpson 1945
+
Fm. †Mixodectidae Cope 1883
+
G. †Dracontolestes Gazin 1941
G. †Eudaemonema Simpson 1935
G. †Mixodectes Cope 1883
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Invalid names: Indrodon Cope 1884 [synonym], Olbodotes Osborn 1902 [synonym]
G. †Prosinopa Trouessart 1897
Invalid names: Oldobotidae Schlosser 1907 [synonym]
Invalid names: Apatemyoidea [empty], Archonta Gregory 1910 [empty], Archontoglires [synonym], Supraprimates Waddell et al. 2001 [synonym]
Unr. Laurasiatheria Waddell et al. 1999
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Unr. Eulipotyphla
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Unr. Erinaceomorpha Gregory 1910
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Fm. †Chambelestidae Gheerbrant and Hartenberger 1999
G. †Diacodon Cope 1875
G. †Quadratodon De Bast and Smith 2017
G. †Seia Russell and Gingerich 1981
Fm. †Sespedectidae Novacek 1985
G. †Talpavoides Bown and Schankler 1982
G. †Talpavus Marsh 1872
Fm. †Vastanidae Bajpai et al. 2005
Invalid names: Creotarsinae Hay 1930 [invalid subgroup]
G. †Ghamidtherium Sánchez-Villagra et al. 2007
+
†Ghamidtherium dimaiensis Sánchez-Villagra et al. 2007
Subor. Soricomorpha Gregory 1910
+
Fm. †Changlelestidae Tong and Wang 1993
Fm. †Geolabididae McKenna 1960
+
Invalid names: Centetodontinae Trouessart 1879 [synonym], Metacodontidae Butler 1948 [synonym]
G. †Nycticonodon Quinet 1964
Fm. Soricidae Fischer 1814 [shrew]
Superfm. Soricoidea Gill 1872
Infraor. †Soricota Kalandadze and Rautian 1992
Invalid names: Lipotyphla Haeckel 1866 [synonym]
Unr. Scrotifera Waddell et al. 1999
+
Or. †Acreodi Matthew 1909
+
G. †Andrewsarchus Osborn 1924
Unr. †Mesonychia [mesonychian]
G. †Mondegodon Tabuce et al. 2011
Fm. †Triisodontidae Scott 1892
Invalid names: Oxyclaenidae Scott 1892 [invalid subgroup]
Unr. Euungulata Waddell et al. 2001
+
Unr. Artiodactylamorpha Spaulding et al. 2009
Unr. †Panperissodactyla Welker et al. 2015
Invalid names: Eparctocyona McKenna 1975 [synonym], Ungulata Linnaeus 1766 [synonym]
Unr. Ferae Linnaeus 1758
+
Or. †Creodonta Cope 1875 [creodont]
Unr. Pancarnivora Flynn et al. 2020
Unr. †Pholidotamorpha Gaudin et al. 2009
Invalid names: Ostentoria [synonym]
Invalid names: Variamana [synonym]
Invalid names: Laurasiaplacentalia [synonym]
Invalid names: Boreoplacentalia [synonym], Boreotheria [synonym]
Unr. Epitheria McKenna 1975
+
Or. †Condylarthra Cope 1881
+
G. †Desmatoclaenus Gazin 1941
+
†Desmatoclaenus dianae Van Valen 1978
†Desmatoclaenus hermaeus Gazin 1941
+
Invalid names: Desmatoclaenus paracreodus Gazin 1941 [synonym]
†Desmatoclaenus mearae Van Valen 1978
†Desmatoclaenus protogonioides Cope 1882
Fm. †Hyopsodontidae Trouessart 1879 [condylarth]
+
G. †Bubogonia Johnston and Fox 1984
+
†Bubogonia bombadili Van Valen 1978
†Bubogonia saskia Johnston and Fox 1984
G. †Hyopsodus Leidy 1870
+
†Hyopsodus despiciens Matthew 1909
†Hyopsodus fangxianensis Huang 1995
†Hyopsodus fastigatus Russell and Wickenden 1933
†Hyopsodus huashigouensis Tong 1989
†Hyopsodus itinerans Godinot 1978
†Hyopsodus latidens Denison 1937
†Hyopsodus lepidus Matthew 1909
†Hyopsodus loomisi McKenna 1960
†Hyopsodus lysitensis Gingerich 1974
†Hyopsodus markmani Abel and Cook 1925
†Hyopsodus marshi Osborn 1902
†Hyopsodus minor Loomis 1905
†Hyopsodus minusculus Leidy 1873
†Hyopsodus miticulus Cope 1874
†Hyopsodus paulus Leidy 1870
+
Invalid names: Hyopsodus distans Marsh 1875 [synonym], Hyopsodus vicarius Cope 1873 [synonym], Stenacodon rarus Marsh 1872 [synonym]
†Hyopsodus pauxillus Gingerich 1994
†Hyopsodus powellianus Cope 1884
+
Invalid names: Hyopsodus browni Loomis 1905 [synonym], Hyopsodus jacksoni Loomis 1905 [synonym], Hyopsodus lawsoni Loomis 1905 [synonym]
†Hyopsodus pygmaeus Cope 1872
†Hyopsodus sholemi Krishtalka 1979
†Hyopsodus simplex Loomis 1905
†Hyopsodus tonksi Eaton 1982
†Hyopsodus uintensis Osborn 1902
†Hyopsodus walcottianus Matthew 1915
†Hyopsodus wardi Hooker 1979
†Hyopsodus wortmani Osborn 1902
Invalid names: Lemuravus Marsh 1875 [synonym], Stenacodon Marsh 1872 [synonym]
G. †Lessnessina Hooker 1979
+
†Lessnessina khushuensis Hooker and Dashzeveg 2003
†Lessnessina packmani Hooker 1979
†Lessnessina praecipuus Russell 1987
G. †Litaletes Simpson 1935
+
†Litaletes disjunctus Simpson 1935
†Litaletes gazinensis Robison 1986
†Litaletes gazini Robison 1986
†Litaletes ondolinde Van Valen 1978
G. †Mioclaenus Cope 1881
+
†Mioclaenus baldwini Cope 1882
†Mioclaenus turgidus Cope 1881
+
Invalid names: Mioclaenus lydekkerianus Cope 1888 [synonym], Mioclaenus zittelianus Cope 1888 [synonym]
G. †Promioclaenus Trouessart 1904
+
†Promioclaenus acolytus Cope 1882
+
Invalid names: Ellipsodon aquilonius Simpson 1935 [synonym], Mioclaenus minimus Cope 1882 [synonym]
†Promioclaenus lemuroides Matthew 1897
+
Invalid names: Ellipsodon shepherdi Gazin 1939 [synonym], Jepsenia mantiensis Gazin 1939 [synonym]
†Promioclaenus pipiringosi Gazin 1956
†Promioclaenus thnetus Scott et al. 2013
†Promioclaenus walshi Lofgren et al. 2014
Invalid names: Jepsenia Gazin 1939 [synonym]
G. †Protoselene Matthew 1897
+
†Protoselene ashtoni Lofgren et al. 2014
†Protoselene griphus Gazin 1939
†Protoselene novissimus Gazin 1956
†Protoselene opisthacus Cope 1882
Invalid names: Dracoclaenus Gazin 1939 [synonym]
Subfm. †Tricuspiodontinae Simpson 1929
+
G. †Paratricuspiodon Russell 1964
G. †Tricuspiodon Lemoine 1885
Invalid names: Limnotheriidae Marsh 1875 [synonym], Mioclaenidae Osborn and Earle 1895 [synonym], Pleuraspidotheriinae Zittel 1892 [empty]
Fm. †Paroxyclaenidae Weitzel
+
G. †Kopidodon Weitzel 1933
Subfm. †Merialinae Russell and Godinot 1988
+
G. †Euhookeria Russell and Godinot 1988
G. †Merialus Russell and Godinot 1988
G. †Pugiodens Matthes 1952
+
†Pugiodens mirus Matthes 1952
Invalid names: Russellites Van Valen 1965 [synonym]
G. †Spaniella Crusafont-Pairo and Russell 1968
G. †Vulpavoides Matthes 1952
+
†Vulpavoides cooperi Hooker 1986
†Vulpavoides germanica Matthes 1952
†Vulpavoides simplicidens Van Valen 1965
†Vulpavoides vanvaleni Russell and Godinot 1988
Invalid names: Kochictidae Kretzoi 1943 [synonym]
Fm. †Pleuraspidotheriidae Zittel 1892
+
G. †Hilalia Maas et al. 2001
+
†Hilalia robusta Maas et al. 2001
†Hilalia saribeya Maas et al. 2001
†Hilalia selanneae Maas et al. 2001
†Hilalia sezerorum Maas et al. 2001
Invalid names: Didolodontoidea Cifelli 1983 [empty], Meniscotheridae Cope 1882 [empty]
Fm. †Petrolemuridae Szalay et al. 1986
+
Invalid names: Atlantogenata Waddell et al. 1999 [invalid subgroup], Exafroplacentalia Waddell et al. 2001 [empty], Monodelphia Gill 1872 [synonym], Ungulatomorpha Archibald 1996 [invalid subgroup]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available