| Basic info | Taxonomic history | Classification | Included Taxa |
| Morphology | Ecology and taphonomy | External Literature Search | Age range and collections |
Echinodermata
Discussion
Bruguiere, 1789 and Brugiere, 1791 (in Zuykov et al. 2008)
Taxonomy
Echinodermata was named by Klein (1754). It is extant.
It was assigned to Ambulacralia by Zrzavy et al. (1998); to Metazoa by Sepkoski (2002); and to Ambulacraria by Edgecombe et al. (2011) and Nielsen (2012).
It was assigned to Ambulacralia by Zrzavy et al. (1998); to Metazoa by Sepkoski (2002); and to Ambulacraria by Edgecombe et al. (2011) and Nielsen (2012).
Subtaxa
Argonevis, Aspidocrinites, Blastozoa, Camptostromoidea, Carpoidea, Cincta, Corneotuba, Cornuvacites, Crinozoa, Ctenocystoidea, Ctenoimbricata, Cyclocystoidea, Echinosphaera, Edrioasteroidea, Eleutherozoa, Erinea, Fanerocoelia, Helicocystitidae, Helicoplacoidea, Homalozoa, Iheringiana, Limolepis, Nemotapis, Paracrinozoa, Pediculacaudinidae, Pelmatozoa, Radimonis, Scoteinocystis, Scutellidae, Scutellinidae, Stylophora, Tubocaudinidae, Venerella
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1754 | Echinodermata Klein |
| 1998 | Echinodermata Zrzavy et al. |
| 2002 | Echinodermata Sepkoski |
| 2011 | Echinodermata Edgecombe et al. p. 153 figs. Fig. 1 |
| 2012 | Echinodermata Nielsen p. 321 |
Is something missing? Join the Paleobiology Database and enter the data
|
|
If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Ph. Echinodermata Klein 1754
show all | hide all
Subph. †Blastozoa Sprinkle 1973
+
Superfm. †Asteroblastida Bather 1900
+
Fm. †Asteroblastidae Bather 1900
+
G. †Asteroblastus d'Eichwald 1862
+
†Asteroblastus stellatus d'Eichwald 1862
+
Invalid names: Asteroblastus foveolatus d'Eichwald 1860 [synonym]
G. †Asterocystis
G. †Metasterocystis
Cl. †Blastoidea Say 1825 [blastoid]
+
Unr. †Coronoidea Brett et al. 1983
+
Or. †Coronata Jaekel 1918
+
Fm. †Stephanoblastidae Jaekel 1918
Fm. †Stephanocrinidae Wachsmuth and Springer 1886
Or. †Fissiculata Jaekel 1918
+
Fm. †Codasteridae Etheridge, Jr. and Carpenter 1886
+
G. †Agmoblastus Fay 1961
G. †Angioblastus Wanner 1931
G. †Anthoblastus Wanner 1924
G. †Austroblastus McKellar 1969
G. †Codaster M'Coy 1849
G. †Corrugatoblastus Sprinkle and Waters 2013
G. †Indoblastus Wanner 1924
G. †Nannoblastus Wanner 1924
G. †Notoblastus Brown 1941
G. †Paracodaster Yakovlev 1940
G. †Peterotoblastus Wanner 1924
G. †Pterotoblastus Wanner 1924
G. †Sagittoblastus Yakovlev 1937
G. †Timoroblastus Wanner 1924
G. †Dolichoblastus Breimer and Macurda, Jr. 1972
+
†Dolichoblastus shirnanskii Breimer and Macurda 1972
G. †Kazachstanoblastus Arendt et al. 1968
Fm. †Orophocrinidae Jaekel 1918
+
G. †Katoblastus Macurda, Jr. 1967
G. †Orophocrinus von Seebach 1865
G. †Pentablastus Sieverts-Doreck 1951
G. †Pentephyllum
Fm. †Phaenoschismatidae Etheridge, Jr. and Carpenter 1886
+
G. †Caryoblastus Breimer et al. 1968
G. †Cryptoschisma Etheridge, Jr. and Carpenter 1886
G. †Decaschisma Fay 1961
G. †Deltoschisma Fay 1961
G. †Dipteroblastus Wanner 1940
G. †Hadroblastus Fay 1962
G. †Heteroschisma Wachsmuth 1883
G. †Junggaroblastus
G. †Koryschisma
G. †Microblastus Eykeren 1942
G. †Nymphaeoblastus Von Peetz 1907
G. †Pentremitidea d'Orbigny 1950
G. †Phaenoblastus Fay 1961
G. †Phaenoschisma Etheridge and Carpenter 1882
G. †Pleuroschisma Reimann 1945
G. †Polydeltoideus Reimann and Fay 1961
G. †Sphaeroschisma Wanner 1924
G. †Sphagoblastus Jell 1983
G. †Sundablastus Wanner 1924
G. †Thaumatoblastus Wanner 1924
Or. †Granatocrinida Bather 1900
+
Fm. †Granatocrinidae Fay 1961
+
G. †Arcuoblastus Macurda 1977
G. †Carpenteroblastus Rowley 1901
G. †Cribroblastus Hambach 1903
G. †Cryptoblastus Etherridge, Jr. and Carpender 1886
G. †Decemoblastus Macurda 1977
G. †Deliablastus Ausich and Meyer 1988
G. †Dentiblastus Macurda, Jr 1964
G. †Euryoblastus Ausich and Meyer 1988
G. †Gongyloblastus Macurda, Jr and Racheboeuf 1975
G. †Heteroblastus Etheridge, Jr. and Carperter 1886
G. †Mesoblastus Etheridge Jr and Carpenter 1886
G. †Monadoblastus Fay 1961
G. †Perittoblastus Ausich and Meyer 1988
G. †Poroblastus Fay 1961
G. †Ptychoblastus Fay 1960
G. †Pyramiblastus Macurda, Jr. 1964
G. †Tanaoblastus Fay 1961
G. †Xyeleblastus Ausich and Meyer 1988
Fm. †Schizoblastidae Etheridge, Jr. and Carpenter 1886
+
G. †Acentrotremites Etheridge, Jr. and Carpenter 1883
G. †Auloblastus Beaver 1961
G. †Deltoblastus Fay 1961
G. †Hydroblastus Sumrall et al. 2009
G. †Lophoblastus Rowley 1901
G. †Orbiblastus Macurda 1965
G. †Pinguiblastus Waters et al. 2011
G. †Schizoblastus Etheridge, Jr. and Carpenter 1882
G. †Lysocystites
Superor. †Spiraculata Jaekel 1918
+
G. †Kadiskoblastus
G. †Malchiblastus
G. †Monoblastus
Or. †Pentremitida Matsumoto 1929
+
Fm. †Ambolostomatidae Horowitz et al. 1986
Fm. †Hyperoblastidae Fay 1964
Fm. †Orbitremitidae Bather 1899
Fm. †Pentremitidae d'Orbigny 1851
G. †Tanablastus
Or. †Troosticrinida Bather 1900
+
Fm. †Troosticrinidae Bather 1899
Invalid names: Diploblastidae Fay 1964 [empty]
G. †Uyguroblastus
G. †Xinjiangoblastus
G. †Zygocrinus Bronn 1848
Invalid names: Eublastoidea Bather 1899 [empty]
Cl. Crinoidea Miller 1821 [Sea lily]
+
Subcl. †Aethocrinea Ausich 1998
+
Fm. †Asperocrinidae Stukalina 1975
+
G. †Aspidocrinus Hall 1858
+
†Aspidocrinus digitatus Hall 1858
†Aspidocrinus scutelliformis Hall 1858
G. †Balearocrinus Bourrouilh and Termier 1974
Subcl. †Camerata Wachsmuth and Springer 1885
+
G. †Becharocrinus Termier and Termier 1956
G. †Coronocrinus Hall 1858
G. †Craspedocrinus Dahmer 1922
G. †Eknomocrinus Guensburg and Sprinkle 2003
+
†Eknomocrinus wahwahensis Guensburg and Sprinkle 2003
Infracl. †Eucamerata Cole 2017
+
Or. †Diplobathrida Moore and Laudon 1943
Or. †Monobathrida Moore and Laudon 1943
G. †Rosfacrinus Le Menn and Spjeldnaes 1996
G. †Helicocrinus
G. †Katarocrinus
G. †Laubeocrinus
G. †Mitrocrinus
G. †Phillipsocrinus
Fm. †Reteocrinidae Wachsmuth and Springer 1885
+
G. †Cnemecrinus Guensburg and Sprinkle 2003
G. †Gaurocrinus Miller 1883
G. †Quechuacrinus Guensburg and Waisfeld 2015
Invalid names: Hexacrinidae Wachsmuth and Springer 1885 [empty], Melocrinidae Wachsmuth and Springer [empty], Rhodocrinidae Roemer 1855 [empty]
G. †Communicrinus
G. †Cyclocaudex Moore and Jeffords 1968
G. †Cyclocrista Moore and Jeffords 1968
G. †Cyclocyclicus Yeltysheva 1955
G. †Cycloscapus Moore and Jeffords 1968
G. †Dazhucrinus Mu and Wu 1974
Subcl. †Dicyclica
+
G. †Dulanocrinus Stukalina and Tuyutyan 1970
G. †Dwortsowaecrinus Stukalina 1967
G. †Flexicrinus Stukalina and Tuyutyan 1970
G. †Floripila Moore and Jeffords 1968
Fm. †Flucticharacidae Moore and Jeffords 1968
+
G. †Flucticharax Moore and Jeffords 1968
G. †Gemmacrinus Prokop and Petr 1989
G. †Glyphidocrinus Dubatolova 1971
Subcl. †Hemistreptocrinoidea Arendt 1976
+
G. †Heterostelechus Moore and Jeffords 1968
G. †Lamprosterigma Moore and Jeffords 1968
Fm. †Leptocarphiidae Moore and Jeffords 1968
+
G. †Lichenocrinus Hall 1866
+
†Lichenocrinus crateriformis Hall 1872
†Lichenocrinus obliquus Ulrich 1925
†Lichenocrinus subaequalis Foerste 1914
G. †Malovicrinus Stukalina 1968
G. †Mastocrinus Wanner 1956
G. †Mooreanteris Moore 1968
G. †Multifidocrinus
G. †Ordinacrinus
G. †Pandocrinus Stukalina 1965
Subcl. Pentacrinoidea Jaekel 1918
+
Infracl. Inadunata Wachsmuth and Springer 1897
+
Unr. Cladida Moore and Laudon 1943
G. †Dicirrocrinus Schmidt 1934
Superor. †Disparida Moore and Laudon 1943
Fm. †Merocrinidae Miller 1890
Fm. †Metabolocrinidae Jaekel 1918
Fm. †Paractocrinidae Jaekel 1918
G. †Passalocrinus
Fm. †Pentamerocrinidae Jaekel 1918
Fm. †Poteriocrinidae Roemer 1851
G. †Thuringocrinus
Invalid names: Disparata Moore and Laudon 1943 [empty], Fistulata Wachsmuth and Springer 1885 [empty], Larviformia Wachsmuth and Springer 1885 [empty]
G. †Pentagonocyclicus Yeltysheva and Shevchenko 1960
+
†Pentagonocyclicus lamonti Donovan et al. 2011
G. †Pentagonopterix
G. †Pentaridica Moore and Jeffords 1968
G. †Preptopremnum Moore and Jeffords 1968
Unr. †Protocrinoidea Guensburg and Sprinkle 2003
+
Fm. †Titanocrinidae Guensburg and Sprinkle 2003
+
G. †Glenocrinus Guensburg and Sprinkle 2003
G. †Titanocrinus Guensburg and Sprinkle 2003
Invalid names: Titanocrinidae Guensburg and Sprinkle 2003 [valid]
Fm. †Salairocrinidae Dubatolova 1971
+
G. †Salairocrinus Dubatolova 1971
Fm. †Schyschcatocrinidae Dubatolova 1971
+
G. †Schyschcatocrinus Dubatolova 1971
+
†Schyschcatocrinus delicatus Gluchowski 1993
†Schyschcatocrinus levis Gluchowski 2002
†Schyschcatocrinus multiformis Gluchowski 1993
Fm. †Stenocrinidae Dubatolova 1971
+
G. †Calleocrinus Dubatolova 1971
+
†Calleocrinus bicostatus Gluchowski 1993
†Calleocrinus kielcensis Gluchowski 1993
G. †Stenocrinus Dubatolova 1971
+
†Stenocrinus altus Sisova 1988
†Stenocrinus raricostatus Gluchowski 1993
Fm. †Stukaliniidae Doweld 2012
+
Invalid names: Lobocrinidae Stukalina 1982 [replaced]
Fm. †Tantalocrinidae Le Menn 1985
+
Fm. †Taranshicrinidae Sisova 1988
+
G. †Tatjanicrinus
G. †Tetragonocyclicus Dubatolova 1964
G. †Tetralobocrinus Dubatolova 1971
G. †Torrocrinus
G. †Webericrinus
G. †Zeravschanocrinus Schewtschenko 1966
Invalid names: Acariaeocrinus Biese 1935 [nomen dubium], Carpenterocrinus Clark 1908 [nomen dubium], Cyclomischidae Moore and Jeffords 1968 [empty], Dentiferocrinidae Stukalina 1977 [empty], Echmatocrinida [empty], Entrochus rotiformis Koken 1900 [nomen dubium], Gasterometra Gislen 1925 [invalid subgroup], Picteticrinus Etallon 1857 [nomen nudum], Protocrinoidea Guensburg and Sprinkle 2003 [empty], Waikaripites Eagle 2005 [nomen nudum]
Cl. †Diploporita Müller 1854
+
G. †Batalleria
G. †Brightonicystis
G. †Destombesia
Fm. †Parasphaeronitiidae Bockelie 1984
+
G. †Parasphaeronites Bockelie 1984
+
†Parasphaeronites socialis Bockelie 1984
†Parasphaeronites socialis Bockelie 1984
G. †Pemphocystis
G. †Proteocystites Barrande 1887
+
†Proteocystites flavus Barrande 1887
†Proteocystites hispanica Meléndez 1944
Invalid names: Proteocystites flavus Barrande 1887 [valid], Proteocystites hispanica Meléndez 1944 [valid]
Invalid names: Aristocystitoida Neumayr 1889 [empty], Glyptosphaeritidacea Bernard 1895 [empty], Seriolata Jaekel 1918 [empty]
Cl. †Eocrinoidea Jaekel 1918
+
G. †Acanthocystites Barrande 1887
Or. †Ascocystitida
+
G. †Balantiocystis Chauvel 1966
G. †Bolboporites Pander 1830
+
†Bolboporites americanus Billings 1859
†Bolboporites uncinata Pander 1830
Invalid names: Bolboporites Pander 1830 [objective synonym]
G. †Cigara
Or. †Gogiida Broadhead 1982
+
Fm. †Eocrinidae Jaekel 1918
+
G. †Akadocrinus Prokop 1962
G. †Alanisicystis Ubaghs and Vizcaïno 1991
G. †Globoeocrinus Zhao et al. 2008
G. †Guizhoueocrinus Zhao et al. 2007
G. †Hexedriocystis Sumrall and Zamora 2011
+
†Hexedriocystis inexpectans Sumrall and Zamora 2011
†Hexedriocystis mimus Sumrall and Zamora 2011
G. †Lapillocystites
Fm. †Lichenoididae Jaekel 1918
+
G. †Lichenoides Barrande 1846
+
†Lichenoides priscus Barrande 1846
†Lichenoides vadosus Parsley and Prokop 2004
Fm. †Lingulocystidae Ubaghs 1960
+
G. †Lingulocystis Thoral 1935
+
†Lingulocystis boliviensis Sprinkle 1973
†Lingulocystis deani Ubaghs 1994
†Lingulocystis elongata Thoral 1935
G. †Paracryptocrinites Rozhnov and Federov 2001
G. †Pilocystites
G. †Polyptychella
Fm. †Ridersiidae Jell et al. 1985
+
Or. †Trachelocrinida Sumrall 1997
+
Fm. †Trachelocrinidae Sprinkle 1973
+
G. †Tatonkacystis Sumrall et al. 1997
G. †Trachelocrinus Ulrich 1929
Invalid names: Imbricata Sprinkle 1973 [empty]
Or. †Glyptosphaeritida Bernard 1895
+
Fm. †Dactylocystidae Jaekel 1899
+
Fm. †Eumorphocystidae Branson and Peck 1940
+
G. †Eumorphocystis
+
†Eumorphocystis multiporata Branson and Peck 1940
+
Invalid names: Eumorphocystis oklahomensis Bassler 1950 [synonym], Eumorphocystis typicalis Bassler 1950 [synonym]
Invalid names: Regnellicystis [synonym], Strimplecystis Bassler 1950 [synonym]
Fm. †Glyptosphaeritidae Bernard 1895
+
G. †Glyptosphaerites Müller 1854
+
†Glyptosphaerites ferrigena Barrande 1887
†Glyptosphaerites suecicus Angelin 1878
Fm. †Gomphocystitidae Bassler 1938
+
G. †Celticystis Bockelie 1979
G. †Gomphocystites Hall 1864
+
†Gomphocystites californicus Stauffer 1930
†Gomphocystites glans Hall 1864
†Gomphocystites gotlandicus Angelin 1878
†Gomphocystites indianensis Miller 1889
G. †Pyrocystites Barrande 1887
+
†Pyrocystites pirum Barrande 1887
Invalid names: Glyptosphaeronites Mergl 1984 [synonym]
Fm. †Protocrinitidae Bather 1899
+
G. †Fungocystites Barrande 1887
+
Fungocystites rarissimus Barrande 1887
Fungocystites solitarius Barrande 1887
G. †Protocrinites Eichwald 1840
+
†Protocrinites oviformis Eichwald 1840
†Protocrinites rugatus Bockelie 1984
G. †Tristomiocystis Sumrall et al. 2009
+
†Tristomiocystis globosus Sumrall et al. 2009
†Tristomiocystis globosus Sumrall et al. 2009
Cl. †Lepidocystoidea Durham 1967
+
Fm. †Felbabkacystidae Nardin et al. 2017
+
Fm. †Lepidocystidae Durham 1967
+
G. †Vyscystis Fatka and Kordule 1990
+
†Vyscystis spinosa Wang et al. 2024
†Vyscystis ubaghsi Fatka and Kordule 1990
Or. †Parablastoidea Hudson 1907
+
Fm. †Blastocystidae Jaekel 1918
+
G. †Blastocystis
G. †Blastoidocrinus Billings 1859
+
†Blastoidocrinus carchariaedens Billings 1859
†Blastoidocrinus nevadensis Sprinkle 1973
G. †Eurekablastus Sprinkle and Sumrall 2008
+
†Eurekablastus ninemilensis Sprinkle and Sumrall 2008
†Eurekablastus rozhnovi Sprinkle and Sumrall 2008
G. †Meristoschisma
Cl. †Paracrinoidea Regnell 1945
+
Or. †Comarocystitida Parsley and Mintz 1975
+
Fm. †Comarocystitidae Bather 1899
+
G. †Comarocystites Billings 1854
G. †Implicaticystis Frest and Strimple 1982
G. †Sinclairocystis Bassler 1950
G. †Ovulocystites
Fm. †Heckeritidae Rozhnov 1987
+
Or. †Platycystitida
+
Fm. †Springerocystidae Bassler 1950
+
G. †Columbocystis Bassler 1950
+
†Columbocystis ovata Parsley 1975
†Columbocystis typica Bassler 1950
G. †Foerstecystis Bassler 1950
Or. †Rhombifera Zittel 1879
+
G. †Acantholepis McCoy 1846
+
†Acantholepis interruptus Jaekel 1899
†Acantholepis jamesii McCoy 1846
Superfm. †Caryocystitida Jaekel 1918
+
Fm. †Caryocystitidae Jaekel 1918
+
G. †Caryocystites Buch 1844
G. †Heliocrinites Eichwald 1840
G. †Orocystites
G. †Stichocystis Jaekel 1918
G. †Ulrichocystis
Invalid names: Ulrichocystidae Paul 1972 [empty]
Superfm. †Caryocystitidacea Jaekel 1918
+
Fm. †Echinosphaeritidae Neumayr 1889
+
G. †Arachnocystites Neumayr 1889
G. †Deutocystites Barrande 1887
G. †Echinosphaerites Wahlenberg 1818
Fm. †Dibrachicystidae Zamora and Smith 2011
+
G. †Vizcainoia Zamora and Smith 2011
+
†Vizcainoia languedocianus Ubaghs 1987
†Vizcainoia moncaiensis Zamora and Smith 2011
Or. †Dichoporita Jaeckel 1899
+
Or. †Glyptocystitida Bather 1899
+
G. †Lemoneites Flower 1969
+
†Lemoneites mirabilis Flower 1969
+
Invalid names: Lemoneites ambiguus Flower 1969 [synonym], Lemoneites gomphocaudatus Flower 1969 [synonym], Lemoneites simplex Flower 1969 [synonym]
Superfm. †Glyptocystitoida Bather 1899
+
Fm. †Callocystitidae Bernard 1895
+
G. †Adocetocystis Koch and Strimple 1968
G. †Anartiocystis Ausich and Schumacher 1984
G. †Apiocystites Forbes 1848
G. †Brockocystis Foerste 1914
G. †Callocystites Hall 1852
G. †Coelocystis Schuchert 1903
G. †Hallicystis Jaekel 1899
G. †Jaekelocystis Schuchert 1903
G. †Lepadocystis Carpenter 1891
G. †Lipsanocystis Ehlers and Leighley 1922
G. †Lovenicystis Regnéll 1945
G. †Maennilocystis Paul and Rozhnov 2016
G. †Novacystis Paul and Bolton 1991
G. †Prunocystites Forbes 1848
G. †Pseudocrinites Pearce 1843
G. †Salirocystis Paul 2014
G. †Sphaerocystites Hall 1859
G. †Staurocystis Haeckel 1896
G. †Strobilocystites White 1876
G. †Tetracystis Schuchert 1904
G. †Troosticystis Paul and Donovan 2011
Invalid names: Apiocystinae Jaekel 1899 [empty], Apiocystitinae Jaekel 1899 [empty], Callocystitinae Bernard 1895 [empty], Staurocystinae Jaekel 1899 [empty]
Fm. †Cheirocrinidae Jaekel 1899
+
G. †Acanthalepis McCoy 1846
G. †Cheirocrinus Eichwald 1856
G. †Cheirocystella Paul 1972
G. †Cheirocystis Paul 1972
G. †Coronocystis Paul 1972
G. †Hadrocystis Sprinkle 1974
G. †Homocystites Barrande 1887
G. †Leptocystis
G. †Sprinkleocystis Broadhead and Sumrall 2003
Fm. †Echinoencrinitidae Bather 1899
+
G. †Echinoencrinites von Meyer 1826
G. †Erinocystis Jaekel 1899
G. †Eutretocystis
G. †Fusicystis Terentiev 2008
G. †Glansicystis Paul 1967
G. †Glaphyrocystis Jaekel 1899
G. †Gonocrinites Eichwald 1840
G. †Osculocystis Paul 1967
G. †Proctocystis Regnéll 1945
G. †Schizocystis Jaekel 1895
G. †Scoliocystis Jaekel 1899
G. †Tyrridiocystis Broadhead and Strimple 1978
Invalid names: Scoliocystidae Jaekel 1899 [synonym], Scoliocystinae Jaekel 1899 [empty]
Fm. †Glyptocystitidae Bather 1899
+
G. †Glyptocystella Paul 1972
G. †Hesperocystis Sinclair 1945
G. †Quadrocystis Sprinkle 1982
G. †Strabocystis Sprinkle 1982
Fm. †Macrocystellidae Bather 1899
+
G. †Macrocystella Callaway 1877
+
Invalid names: Cystidea Barrande 1887 [synonym], Mimocystites Barrande 1867 [synonym]
Fm. †Pleurocystitidae Neumayr 1889
+
Subfm. †Deltacystinae Sumrall and Sprinkle 1995
Subfm. †Henicocystinae Jell 1983
G. †Hillocystis Jell 1983
Subfm. †Pleurocystitinae Ulrich and Kirk 1911
G. †Pirocystella
Superfm. †Polycosmitida Jaekel 1918
+
Invalid names: Polycosmitidae Jaekel 1918 [empty], Stichocystidae Jaekel 1918 [empty]
G. †Thomacystis
Invalid names: Glyptocystitidacea Bather 1899 [empty], Pleurocystitida Jell 1983 [empty]
Cl. †Rhombifera Zittel 1879
+
Superfm. †Hemicosmitoida Jaekel 1918
+
Fm. †Caryocrinitidae Bassler 1938
+
G. †Caryocrinites Say 1825
G. †Paracaryocrinites Chen and Yao 1993
G. †Polycosmites
G. †Ptychocosmites
G. †Stribalocystites
Cl. †Soluta Jaekel 1900
+
G. †Coleicarpus Daley 1996
+
†Coleicarpus sprinklei Daley 1996
+
Invalid names: Castericystis sprinklei Ubaghs and Robison 1988 [objective synonym]
Or. †Dendrocystitida Noailles et al. 2014
+
Fm. †Dendrocystitidae Bassler 1938
+
G. †Claritacarpus Parsley and Sumrall 2007
G. †Dehmicystis
G. †Dendrocystites Barrande 1887
G. †Dendrocystoides
G. †Girvanicystis
G. †Heckericystis
G. †Maennilia Rozhnov and Jefferies 1996
G. †Rutroclypeus
Invalid names: Girvanicystidae [empty], Maennilidae [empty], Rutroclypeidae [empty]
Or. †Syringocrinida Parsley and Caster 1965
+
G. †Drepanocystis Sumrall et al. 1997
Fm. †Iowacystidae Gill and Caster 1960
+
G. †Belemnocystites
G. †Iowacystis
G. †Myeinocystites
G. †Scalenocystites
Invalid names: Belemnocystitidae Caster 1967 [synonym]
Fm. †Minervaecystidae Ubaghs and Caster 1967
+
G. †Minervaecystis
G. †Nimchacystis Dupichaud et al. 2023
G. †Pahvanticystis Lefebvre and Lerosey-Aubril 2018
G. †Plasiacystis Prokop and Petr 2004
G. †Syringocrinus
Invalid names: Plasiacystidae Prokop and Petr 2004 [empty]
Superfm. †Sphaeronitida Neumayr 1889
+
Fm. †Aristocystitidae Bassler 1938
+
G. †Amphoracystis
G. †Baculocystites
G. †Campylostoma Dreyfuss 1939
G. †Pachycalix
G. †Prokopius Paul 2018
+
G. †Triamara Tillman 1967
+
†Triamara ventricosa Miller 1879
+
Invalid names: Triamara ampla Miller 1892 [synonym], Triamara cutleri Tillman 1967 [synonym], Triamara gyrina Miller and Gurley 1894 [synonym]
Fm. †Holocystitidae Miller 1889
+
G. †Holocystites Hall 1864
+
Subg. †Holocystites (Holocystites) Hall 1864
Subg. †Holocystites (Megacystites) Frest et al. 2011
Subg. †Holocystites (Sepulticystis) Frest et al. 2011
†Holocystites cylindricus Hall 1861
†Holocystites salmoensis Sheffield et al. 2018
G. †Paulicystis Frest et al. 2011
+
†Paulicystis densus Frest et al. 2011
†Paulicystis sparsus Frest et al. 2011
G. †Pustulocystis Paul 1971
+
†Pustulocystis ornatissimus Miller 1891
†Pustulocystis pentax Paul 1971
Invalid names: Trematocystinae Frest and Strimple 2011 [empty]
Fm. †Sphaeronitidae Neumayr 1889
+
G. †Allocystites
G. †Archaegocystis Jaekel 1899
+
†Archaegocystis desideratus Barrande 1887
†Archaegocystis granulata Paul 1973
G. †Archegocystis
G. †Barbieria
G. †Bulbocystis
G. †Diplosphaeronis Paul 1973
G. †Eucystis Angelin 1878
+
†Eucystis acuminata Regnell 1945
†Eucystis angelini Regnell 1945
†Eucystis branagani Brown 1963
†Eucystis hibernica Paul 1973
†Eucystis langoeyensis Bockelie 1984
†Eucystis pentax Paul 1973
†Eucystis quadrangularis Regnell 1945
†Eucystis raripunctata Angelin 1878
Invalid names: Austrocystites Brown 1963 [synonym], Carpocystites [synonym], Palmacystis Haeckel 1896 [synonym], Proteocystites Barrande 1887 [synonym]
G. †Haplosphaeronis Jaekel 1926
+
†Haplosphaeronis bratterudensis Bockelie 1984
†Haplosphaeronis kiaeri Jaekel 1926
†Haplosphaeronis oblonga Angelin 1899
†Haplosphaeronis proiciens Regnell 1951
G. †Paleosphaeronites Prokop 1964
+
†Paleosphaeronites crateriformis Růžička 1927
†Paleosphaeronites grossularia Mergl and Prokop 2006
G. †Sphaeronites Hisinger 1828
+
Subg. †Sphaeronites (Ataphros) Paul and Bockelie 1983
Subg. †Sphaeronites (Peritaphros) Paul 1973
Subg. †Sphaeronites (Sphaeronites) Hisinger 1828
†Sphaeronites crateriformis Růžička 1927
†Sphaeronites globulus Angelin 1896
†Sphaeronites leuchtenbergi Volborth 1846
G. †Tetreucystis Bockelie 1984
+
†Tetreucystis elongata Bockelie 1984
†Tetreucystis kalvoeyensis Bockelie 1984
†Tetreucystis quadrangularis Regnell 1945
†Tetreucystis tetrabrachiolata Bockelie 1984
G. †Tholocystis
Cl. †Cincta Jaekel 1918
+
Fm. †Gyrocystidae Jaekel 1918
+
G. †Gyrocystis Jaekel 1918
+
†Gyrocystis badulesiensis Friedrich 1993
†Gyrocystis barrandei Munier-Chalmas et al. 1889
†Gyrocystis cruzae Gil Cid and Domínguez Alonso 1995
†Gyrocystis erecta Friedrich 1993
†Gyrocystis platessa Jaekel 1918
+
Invalid names: Gyrocystis hispanica Gislen 1927 [synonym], Gyrocystis praeellipticus Termier and Termier 1973 [synonym]
†Gyrocystis testudiformis Friedrich 1993
Invalid names: Decacystis [synonym]
G. †Sotocinctus Sdzuy 1993
+
Fm. †Rozanovicystidae Rozhnov 2006
+
Fm. †Sucocystidae Friedrich 1993
+
G. †Elliptocinctus Termier and Termier 1973
+
†Elliptocinctus barrandei Munier-Chalmas et al. 1889
+
Invalid names: Elliptocinctus labiatus Termier and Termier 1973 [synonym]
†Elliptocinctus vizcainoi Friedrich 1995
G. †Sucocystis Cabibel et al. 1959
+
†Sucocystis bretoni Friedrich 1993
†Sucocystis maroccana Termier and Termier 1973
†Sucocystis theronensis Cabibel et al. 1959
+
Invalid names: Sucocystis subcircularis Termier and Termier 1973 [synonym]
Invalid names: Cyclocinctus Termier and Termier 1973 [synonym], Trochocinctus Termier and Termier 1973 [synonym]
G. †Undatacinctus Smith and Zamora 2009
+
†Undatacinctus acrofera Friedrich 1993
†Undatacinctus melendezi Schroeder 1973
+
Invalid names: Sucocystis pardailhanicus Termier and Termier 1973 [synonym]
†Undatacinctus quadricornuta Friedrich 1993
†Undatacinctus undata Friedrich 1993
Fm. †Trochocystitidae Jaekel 1900
+
G. †Cornuvacites Kozur and Mostler 1972
+
†Cornuvacites florealis Kozur and Mostler 1972
†Cornuvacites irregularis Kozur and Mostler 1972
†Cornuvacites symmetricus Kozur and Mostler 1972
Cl. †Ctenocystoidea Robison and Sprinkle 1969
+
G. †Conollia Dominquez Alonso 2004
+
†Conollia sporranoides Rahman et al. 2015
†Conollia staffordi Dominquez Alonso 2004
Or. †Ctenocystoida Ubaghs and Robison 1988
+
Fm. †Ctenocystidae Sprinkle and Robison 1978
+
G. †Ctenocystis Robison and Sprinkle 1969
+
†Ctenocystis colodon Ubaghs and Robison 1988
†Ctenocystis jagoi Jell et al. 1985
†Ctenocystis smithi Ubaghs 1987
†Ctenocystis utahensis Robison and Sprinkle 1969
Fm. †Jugoszoviidae Dzik and Orlowski 1995
+
Cl. †Cyclocystoidea Miller and Gurley 1895
+
Fm. †Apycnodiscidae Boczarowski 2001
+
G. †Concavocycloides Boczarowski 2001
+
†Concavocycloides eifeliensis Boczarowski 2001
†Concavocycloides frasniensis Boczarowski 2001
†Concavocycloides givetiensis Boczarowski 2001
Fm. †Cyclocystoididae Miller 1882
+
G. †Apycnodiscus Smith and Paul 1982
+
†Apycnodiscus decussatum Begg 1934
†Apycnodiscus insularis Regnell 1945
G. †Cyclocystoides Salter and Billings 1858
+
†Cyclocystoides halli Billings 1858
†Cyclocystoides latus Smith and Paul 1982
†Cyclocystoides scammaphoris Smith and Paul 1982
†Cyclocystoides tholicos Smith and Paul 1982
G. †Diastocycloides Smith and Paul 1982
+
†Diastocycloides nitidus Faber 1886
†Diastocycloides stauromorphus Smith and Paul 1982
G. †Polytryphocycloides Smith and Paul 1982
+
†Polytryphocycloides billingsi Wilson 1946
†Polytryphocycloides davisii Salter 1858
†Polytryphocycloides depressus Billings 1858
†Polytryphocycloides grandis Smith and Paul 1982
†Polytryphocycloides huronensis Billings 1865
†Polytryphocycloides lindstroemi Regnell 1945
G. †Sievertsia Smith and Paul 1982
+
†Sievertsia concava Smith and Paul 1982
†Sievertsia devonica Sieverts-Doreck 1951
†Sievertsia gotus Prokop 1980
†Sievertsia tartas Prokop 1980
G. †Zygocycloides Smith and Paul 1982
+
†Zygocycloides magnus Miller and Dyer 1878
+
Invalid names: Cyclocystoides bellulus Miller and Dyer 1878 [synonym], Cyclocystoides minus Miller and Dyer 1878 [synonym]
†Zygocycloides marstoni Salter 1865
+
Invalid names: Cyclocystoides caractaci Etheridge 1939 [synonym]
†Zygocycloides raymondi Foerste 1920
†Zygocycloides variabilis Smith and Paul 1982
G. Echinosphaera Angelin 1878
Cl. †Edrioasteroidea Billings 1858
+
G. †Camptostroma Ruedemann 1933
+
†Camptostroma roddyi Ruedemann 1933
Invalid names: Camptostroma Ruedemann 1933 [replaced]
Or. †Edrioasterida Bell 1976
+
G. †Aepyaster
Subor. †Edrioasterina Bather 1898
+
Fm. †Edrioasteridae Bather 1898
+
G. †Edrioaster Billings 1858
G. †Pseudedriophus Sprinkle and Sumrall 2015
Subor. †Edrioblastoidina Fay 1962
+
Fm. †Rhenopyrgidae Holloway and Jell 1983
+
G. †Heropyrgus Briggs et al. 2017
G. †Rhenopyrgus Dehm 1961
G. †Edriophus
G. †Lampteroblastus
G. †Paredriophus
G. †Stromatocystites Pompeckj 1896
+
†Stromatocystites pentangularis Pompeckj 1896
+
Invalid names: Stromatocystites balticus Jaekel 1899 [synonym], Stromatocystites flexibilis Parsley and Prokop 2004 [synonym]
†Stromatocystites reduncus Smith and Jell 1990
†Stromatocystites walcotti Schuchert 1919
†Stromatocystites walcotti minor Schuchert 1919
Fm. †Totiglobidae Bell and Sprinkle 1978
+
Or. †Edrioblastoida Fay 1962
+
G. †Cambroblastus Smith and Jell 1990
+
†Cambroblastus enubilatus Smith and Jell 1990
†Cambroblastus guolensis Zhu et al. 2014
Invalid names: Cambroblastus Smith and Jell 1990 [objective synonym]
Or. †Pentacystida Jaeckel 1918
+
Fm. †Hemicystitidae Bassler 1936
+
G. †Anglidiscus Regnéll 1950
G. †Carneyella Forste 1916
G. †Cincinnatidiscus Bassler 1935
G. †Cystaster Hall 1871
G. †Foerstediscus Bassler 1935
G. †Hemicystites Hall 1852
G. †Lebetodiscus Bather 1908
G. †Lepidoconia Wilson 1946
G. †Timeischytes Ehlers and Kesling 1958
Or. †Isorophida
+
Fm. †Agelacrinitidae Clarke 1901
+
G. †Agelacrinites Vanuxem 1842
G. †Cooperidiscus Bassler 1935
G. †Dinocystis Bather 1898
Subfm. †Discocystinae Sumrall 1996
+
G. †Bostryclavus
G. †Clavidiscus
G. †Discocystis Gregory 1897
G. †Hypsiclavus
G. †Lispidecodus Kesling 1967
G. †Spiraclavus
G. †Krama
G. †Neoisorophusella Kammer 1987
+
†Neoisorophusella maslennikovi Sumrall 2009
†Neoisorophusella whitesidei Sumrall et al. 2006
Subfm. †Postibullinae Sumrall 2000
+
G. †Parapostibulla Sumrall 2000
G. †Pyrgopostibulla Sumrall 2006
G. †Savagella
+
†Savagella illinoisensis Miller and Gurley 1895
+
Invalid names: Savagella ornatus Savage 1913 [synonym]
G. †Cryptogoleus
G. †Curvitriordo
G. †Deltadiscus Guensberg and Sprinkle 1994
G. †Floridiscus
G. †Giganticlavus
G. †Hadrochthus
Fm. †Lebetodiscidae Bell 1976
+
G. †Rectitriordo
G. †Stalticodiscus
Subor. †Isorophina Bell 1976
+
Fm. †Isorophidae Bell 1976
+
G. †Isorophus Foerste 1916
+
†Isorophus africanus Sumrall and Zamora 2011
†Isorophus austini Foerste 1914
Fm. †Isorophinidae Sumrall and Zamora 2011
+
Fm. †Pyrgocystidae Kesling 1967
+
G. †Archaepyrgus
G. †Argodiscus Prokop 1965
+
†Argodiscus espilezorum Sumrall and Zamora 2011
†Argodiscus hornyi Prokop 1965
G. †Epipaston
G. †Fanulodiscus
G. †Pyrgocystis Bather 1915
+
†Pyrgocystis cylindrica Aurivillius 1892
†Pyrgocystis procera Aurivillius 1892
†Pyrgocystis sardesoni Bather 1915
†Pyrgocystis sulcata Aurivillius 1892
†Pyrgocystis varia Aurivillius 1892
G. †Streptaster Hall 1872
+
†Streptaster nodosus Sumrall and Zamora 2011
†Streptaster vorticellatus Hall 1866
Fm. †Stromatocystitidae Bassler 1936
+
G. †Cambraster Cabibel et al. 1958
+
†Cambraster cannati Miquel 1894
†Cambraster tastudorum Jell et al. 1985
G. †Stromatocyctites Pompeck 1896
G. †Walcottidiscus Bassler 1935
G. †Xenocystites Bassler 1936
Fm. †Yorkicystitidae Zamora et al. 2022
+
Invalid names: Cyathothecidae Jaekel 1927 [empty], Stromatocystitida [empty]
Subph. Eleutherozoa Bell 1891
+
Unr. Asterozoa von Zittel 1895
+
Cl. Asteroidea de Blainville 1830 [sea star]
+
Subcl. Ambuloasteroidea Blake and Hagdorn 2003
+
Fm. †Calliasterellidae Schöndorf 1910
Fm. †Compsasteridae Schuchert 1915
Infracl. Neoasteroidea Gale 1987
Or. Cryptozonia Sladen 1889
+
Superfm. †Palaeosolasteracea Schuchert 1915
Superfm. †Schuchertiacea Schuchert 1915
Invalid names: Stenasteracea Schuchert 1915 [empty], Urasterellacea Schuchert 1915 [empty]
Or. †Euaxosida Blake 2018
+
Fm. †Cnemidactinidae Spencer 1918
G. †Devonistella Spencer 1927
G. †Eoactis Spencer 1914
Fm. †Helianthasteridae Owen 1965
Fm. †Lacertasteridae Blake 2018
Fm. †Lepidasteridae Gregory 1899
G. †Lepidasterina Ruedemann 1916
G. †Lepyriactis Spencer 1927
Fm. †Mesopalaeasteridae Schuchert 1915
Fm. †Omanasteridae Blake et al. 2014
Fm. †Palasterinidae Gregory 1899
G. †Schondorfia Blake and Guensburg 1989
G. †Taeniactis Spencer 1927
Or. †Hadrosida Blake 2018
+
G. †Aulacolatiaster Jell and Theron 1999
Fm. †Fandasteridae Blake and Elliott 2003
G. †Miomaster Schöndorf 1909
Fm. †Palaeasteridae Miller 1889
G. †Pleiadeaster Webster et al. 1999
Fm. †Promopalaeasteridae Schuchert 1915
G. †Spaniaster Schöndorf 1907
Fm. †Urasterellidae Schuchert 1914
Fm. †Xenasteridae Gregory 1899
Or. †Hemizonida Spencer 1951
+
Fm. †Taeniactinidae Spencer 1927
Invalid names: Gnathasterina Spencer 1951 [synonym], Lepyriactinidae Spencer and Wright 1966 [empty]
Or. †Kermasida Blake 2018
+
Fm. †Clarkeasteridae Blake 2018
Fm. †Illusioluididae Blake 2018
Fm. †Monasteridae Schuchert 1915
Fm. †Permasteridae Blake 2018
G. †Lepidasterella Schuchert 1914
+
†Lepidasterella babcocki Schuchert 1915
†Lepidasterella montanensis Welsh 1984
Or. †Phanerozoma
+
Invalid names: Atheneidae [empty], Pentacerotidae [empty], Pentagonasteridae [empty]
Or. Phanerozonida Sladen 1889
+
Invalid names: Lepidasteracea Schuchert 1915 [empty], Palasterinacea Schuchert 1915 [empty]
Or. †Platyasterida Spencer 1951
+
Subor. †Uractinina Spencer 1951
Invalid names: Eukrinasteridae Blake et al. 2007 [empty]
G. Pleuraster Agassiz 1836
Or. †Pustulosida Spencer 1951
+
Superfm. †Promopalaeasteraceae Schuchert 1914
Invalid names: Bimarginalina Kesling 1969 [empty], Palaeasteraceae Miller 1889 [empty]
G. †Yarravaster Spencer 1950
Invalid names: Arthrasteridae Spencer 1918 [empty], Euasteroidea Sladen 1889 [empty], Neopalaeasteridae Schuchert 1915 [empty], Schuchertiidae Schuchert 1915 [empty], Spinulosacea Blake 1987 [empty]
Fm. †Falloasteridae Blake et al. 2019
+
Cl. Ophiuroidea Gray 1840 [brittle star]
+
G. †Ataxaster Jaekel 1903
G. †Calclyra Frizzell and Exline 1955
+
†Calclyra carbonica Kozur and Mostler 1989
†Calclyra eiseliana Spandel 1898
†Calclyra gracilis Kozur and Mostler 1989
†Calclyra spathulata Wernlund 1977
†Calclyra spinata Wernlund 1977
†Calclyra triangulata Wernlund 1977
G. †Calyptactis Spencer 1930
+
†Calyptactis perarmatus Whidborne 1896
†Calyptactis spinosus Spencer 1930
Fm. †Encrinasteridae Schuchert 1914
+
Subfm. †Armathyrasterinae Harper and Morris 1978
G. †Cheiropteraster Stürtz 1890
Subfm. †Encrinasterinae Harper and Morris 1978
G. †Euzonosoma Spencer 1930
G. †Loriolaster Stürtz 1886
G. †Mastigactis Spencer 1930
G. †Urozoma Spencer 1930
Invalid names: Aspidosomatidae Gregory 1899 [objective synonym]
Subor. Myophiurina Matsumoto 1915
+
Infracl. Metophiurida Matsumoto 1913
Superfm. †Ophiuricae Lehmann 1957
Or. Oegophiurida Matsumoto 1915
+
Subor. †Lysophiurina Gregory 1897
+
Invalid names: Ophioencrinasteriae Stürtz 1899 [synonym], Ophiurasteriae Schöndorf 1910 [synonym]
Subor. Zeugophiurina Matsumoto 1929
G. †Ophiaulaxoides Yang and Nie 1982
+
†Ophiaulaxoides aliensis Yang and Nie 1982
†Ophiaulaxoides bijieensis Feng 1985
†Ophiaulaxoides paraliensis Yang and Nie 1982
G. †Ophiurella Agassiz 1836
+
†Ophiurella bispinosa d'Orbigny 1850
†Ophiurella speciosa Goldfuss 1833
†Ophiurella viguieri Porte 1927
Subcl. Ophiuridea Gray 1840
+
G. †Ophiaxina Müller 1950
G. †Schizospondylus Müller 1950
G. †Transspondylus Müller 1950
Invalid names: Calclyridae Frizzell and Exline 1955 [empty], Hallasteridae Spencer 1925 [empty], Myophiuridadup Matsumoto 1915 [empty], Oegophiuridea Matsumoto 1915 [empty], Oegophiuroida Matsumoto 1915 [empty], Zygophiurae [empty]
Fm. †Phragmactinidae Spencer 1951
+
Cl. †Somasteroidea Spencer 1951
+
Fm. †Chinianasteridae Spencer 1951
+
G. †Chinianaster Thoral 1935
G. †Ophioxenikos Blake and Guensburg 1993
G. †Thoralaster Dean Shackleton 2005
G. †Villebrunaster Spencer 1951
+
Invalid names: Ampullaster Fell 1963 [synonym], Cantabrigiaster Hunter and Ortega-Hernández 2021 [synonym]
Invalid names: Villebrunasteridae Fell 1963 [synonym]
Invalid names: Archegonasteridae Spencer 1951 [empty]
Cl. †Stenuroidea Spencer 1951
+
G. †Echinasterella Stürtz 1890
+
†Echinasterella darwini Clarke 1913
†Echinasterella sladeni Stürtz 1890
Fm. †Klasmuridae Spencer 1925
+
G. †Klasmura Ruedemann 1916
G. †Pectenura Haude 1982
G. †Pectinura Haude 1982
Subor. †Parophiurina Jaekel 1923
+
G. †Antiquaster Kesling 1971
Fm. †Palaeuridae Spencer 1951
Invalid names: Antiquasteridae Kesling 1971 [empty]
Subor. †Proturina Spencer and Wright 1966
+
Fm. †Bdellacomidae Spencer and Wright 1966
Fm. †Eophiuridae Schöndorf 1910
Fm. †Pradesuridae Spencer 1951
Fm. †Rhopalocomidae Spencer and Wright 1966
Invalid names: Acinetasteridae Kesling 1982 [empty]
G. †Stuertzaster Etheridge 1899
+
†Stuertzaster liquidus Boczarowski 2001
†Stuertzaster marstoni Salter 1857
†Stuertzaster utroquecognitus Boczarowski 2001
†Sturtzaster colvini Salter 1857
†Sturtzaster cygnipes Salter 1857
†Sturtzaster mitchelli Etheridge 1899
†Sturtzaster spinosissimus Roemer 1864
Invalid names: Eophiuricae Spencer 1951 [empty], Palaeuricae Spencer 1951 [empty], Scalarina Hotchkiss 1976 [empty]
Invalid names: Catervaparmasteridae Blake 2000 [empty], Eopentaroida Dean Shackleton 2005 [empty], Stelleroidea Gregory 1900 [objective synonym]
Unr. †Echinozoa von Zittel 1895
+
Cl. Echinoidea Leske 1778 [sea urchin]
+
Fm. †Archaeocidaridae M'Coy 1844
+
G. †Eocidaris Desor 1856
G. Lepidocidaris Meek and Worthen 1873
G. †Nortonechinus
G. †Polytaxicidaris
G. †Silurocidaris
G. †Xenocidaris
Or. †Cassiduloidea
+
G. Conolampas Agassiz 1883
G. †Neolampas Agassiz 1869
G. †Oligopodia Duncan 1889
G. †Porterpygus Baker 1983
Fm. †Corystusidae International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 2009
+
G. Corystus Pomel 1883
Invalid names: Corystidae Foster and Philip 1978 [replaced]
Or. Echinoida Troschel 1872
+
G. †Spaniocyphus Pomel 1883
G. †Trochoechinus
Invalid names: Echinoina Claus 1876 [empty]
Subcl. Euechinoidea Bronn 1860
+
Superor. Acroechinoidea Smith 1981
Unr. Diadematacea Duncan 1889
Unr. Echinacea Claus 1876
Or. Echinothurioida Claus 1880
G. †Galeroclypeus
G. †Loriolella
Fm. †Triadocidaridae Smith 1994
Invalid names: Serpianotiaroida Hagdorn 1995 [empty], Triadotiaroida Hagdorn 1995 [empty]
Subcl. †Perischoechinoidea M'Coy 1849
+
Or. †Bothriocidaroida von Zittel 1879
Or. †Echinocystitoida Jackson 1912
Superor. †Eognathostomata Smith 1984
G. †Lanternarius Regnell 1956
Fm. †Lepidocentridae Lovén 1874
Fm. †Proterocidaridae Smith 1984
+
G. †Fournierechinus Jackson 1929
G. †Hyattechinus Jackson 1912
G. †Jacksonechinus Lambert 1936
G. †Lazarechinus Hagdorn 2018
G. †Perischocidaris Neumary 1881
G. †Perischodomus M'Coy 1849
G. †Pholidocidaris Meek and Worthen 1869
G. †Pronechinus Kier 1965
G. †Proterocidaris de Koninck 1882
Or. Temnopleuroida Mortensen 1942
+
G. †Arbacina Pomel 1869
G. Asaphechinus
G. †Cryptechinus
G. †Gagaria Duncan 1889
G. †Hebertia Michelin 1859
G. †Micropsidia Pomel 1883
G. †Pentechinus
G. †Tatechinus
Invalid names: Acrosalenioida Vadet 1999 [empty], Centrechinoida Jackson [empty], Cidaris aculeata Leonardi and Lovo 1950 [nomen dubium], Cidaris aialensis Kier 1977 [nomen dubium], Cidaris alpina Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris alternata Stoppani 1857 [nomen dubium], Cidaris austriaca Desor 1858 [nomen dubium], Cidaris avena Desor 1855 [nomen dubium], Cidaris biconica Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris biformis Münster 1841 [nomen dubium], Cidaris braunii Desor 1847 [nomen dubium], Cidaris buchii Münster 1833 [nomen dubium], Cidaris caudex Stoppani 1865 [nomen dubium], Cidaris cingulata Münster 1841 [nomen dubium], Cidaris coralliophila Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris costalarensis Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris costata Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris costeanensis Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris decorata Münster 1841 [nomen dubium], Cidaris decoratissima von Wöhrmann 1889 [nomen dubium], Cidaris dorsata Braun 1841 [nomen dubium], Cidaris ecki Assmann 1926 [nomen dubium], Cidaris forminensis Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris fustis Laube 1865 [nomen dubium], Cidaris glabra Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris hausmanni Wissmann 1841 [nomen dubium], Cidaris lanceata Stoppani 1857 [nomen dubium], Cidaris linearis Münster 1841 [nomen dubium], Cidaris milierensis Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris ovata Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris perplexa Desor 1855 [nomen dubium], Cidaris petersii Laube 1865 [nomen dubium], Cidaris plana Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris pyramidalis Leonardi and Lovo 1950 [nomen dubium], Cidaris quadrialata Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris quadriserrata Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris regnyi Lambert 1905 [nomen dubium], Cidaris remifera Münster 1841 [nomen dubium], Cidaris remifera Assmann 1937 [nomen dubium], Cidaris reticulata Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris schwageri von Wöhrmann 1889 [nomen dubium], Cidaris scrobiculata Braun 1841 [nomen dubium], Cidaris seelandica Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris semicostata Münster 1841 [nomen dubium], Cidaris similis Desor 1855 [nomen dubium], Cidaris spinachristi Stoppani 1857 [nomen dubium], Cidaris spongiosa Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris stipes Stoppani 1865 [nomen dubium], Cidaris stoppanii de Loriol 1872 [nomen dubium], Cidaris sulcata Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris tenuicostata Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris tetraedrica Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris trapezoidalis Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris trigona Münster 1841 [nomen dubium], Cidaris triserrata Laube 1865 [nomen dubium], Cidaris undulatus Quenstedt 1875 [nomen dubium], Cidaris valparolae Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris verticillata Zardini 1973 [nomen dubium], Cidaris verticillata Stoppani 1857 [nomen dubium], Cidaris waechteri Wissmann 1841 [nomen dubium], Cidaris wissmanni Desor 1847 [nomen dubium], Cidaris zardini Leonardi and Lovo 1950 [nomen dubium], Dallonia Lambert 1920 [nomen nudum], Diplocidaroida Vadet 1988 [empty], Echinopluteus Mortensen 1897 [nomen nudum], Exocycloidea [empty], Gajechinus Lambert and Thiéry 1914 [nomen nudum], Gnathostomata von Zittel 1879 [empty], Hemicidaris gracilis Stoppani 1857 [nomen dubium], Hemicidaris obliquelineata Stoppani 1857 [nomen dubium], Oligopygoida [empty], Ombria Quenstedt 1874 [nomen nudum], Plegiocidaris senex Lambert 1900 [nomen dubium], Pleurechinus Agassiz 1841 [nomen nudum], Protocidaris de Gregorio 1930 [nomen dubium], Radiolus Auctorum [invalid subgroup], Radiolus adametzi Jekelius 1936 [nomen dubium], Radiolus alutensis Jekelius 1936 [nomen dubium], Radiolus antipai Jekelius 1936 [nomen dubium], Radiolus boletus Bather 1929 [nomen dubium], Radiolus complanatus Quenstedt 1875 [nomen dubium], Radiolus culter Bather 1929 [nomen dubium], Radiolus festuca Bather 1929 [nomen dubium], Radiolus fusus Bather 1929 [nomen dubium], Radiolus herbichi Jekelius 1936 [nomen dubium], Radiolus lineola Bather 1909 [nomen dubium], Radiolus penna Bather 1909 [nomen dubium], Radiolus racadaui Jekelius 1936 [nomen dubium], Radiolus raiblianus Bather 1909 [nomen dubium], Radiolus rostratus Korner 1937 [nomen dubium], Radiolus segmentatus Bather 1929 [nomen dubium], Vernius de Gregorio 1930 [nomen dubium]
Cl. Holothuroidea de Blainville 1834 [sea cucumber]
+
Or. Apodida Brandt 1835
+
Fm. †Achistridae Frizzell and Exline 1955
Fm. †Calcancoridae Frizzell and Exline 1955
Fm. Chiridotidae Ostergren 1898
G. †Holothuriopsis Hess 1973
Fm. Myriotrochidae Théel 1877
G. Myriotrochus Steenstrup 1851
G. †Porachistrum Beckmann 1965
Fm. Synaptidae Burmeister 1837
Fm. †Synaptitidae Frizzell and Exline 1955
Or. Aspidochirotida Brandt 1835
+
G. †Bathysynactites Cherbonnier 1976
G. †Collbatothuria Smith and Gallemi 1991
Fm. Holothuriidae Ludwig 1894
G. †Holothuropsis
G. †Ornaticannula Deflandre-Rigaud 1962
G. †Parvispina Kornicker and Imbrie 1958
Fm. Synallactidae Ludwig 1894
Invalid names: Stichopodidae [empty]
Fm. †Chiridotitidae Deflandre-Rigaud 1957
+
G. †Chiridotites Deflandre and Deflandre-Rigaud 1948
G. †Myriotrochites Deflandre and Deflandre-Rigaud 1948
G. †Conisia
G. †Crucivirga
Or. Dactylochirotida Pawson and Fell 1965
+
Fm. Ypsilothuriidae Heding 1942
Invalid names: Rhopalodinidae Theel 1886 [empty], Vaneyellidae Pawson and Fell 1965 [empty]
Or. Dendrochirotida Grube 1840
+
G. †Andenothyone
Fm. †Calclamnidae Frizzell and Exline 1955
Fm. †Cucumariidae
Fm. Heterothyonidae Pawson 1970
Fm. †Phyllophoridae
G. †Priscoligula
G. †Priscopedatoides
Fm. Psolidae Perrier 1902
Fm. †Schlumbergeritidae Deflandre-Rigaud 1962
Invalid names: Placothuriidae Pawson and Fell 1965 [empty], Sclerodactylidae [empty]
Or. Elasipodida Théel 1882
+
G. †Oneirophantites Cherbonnier 1976
Fm. †Palaeocaudinidae Boczarowski 2001
Invalid names: Deimatidae [empty], Elpidiidae Theel 1882 [empty], Laetmogonidae Ekman 1926 [empty], Pelagothuriidae Ludwig 1893 [empty], Psychropotidae [empty]
Fm. †Etheridgellidae Frizzell and Exline 1955
+
G. †Dictyobractites Kristan-Tollmann 1972
G. †Etheridgella Croneis and McCormack 1932
G. †Frizzellus Hampton 1958
G. †Hamptonites Mostler 1970
G. Laetmophasma Ludwig 1894
Or. Molpadiida Haeckel 1896
+
Fm. †Exlinellidae Deflandre-Rigaud 1962
Fm. Molpadiidae Müller 1850
Invalid names: Caudinidae [empty], Gephyrothuriidae [empty]
Fm. †Priscopedatidae Frizzell and Exline 1955
+
G. †Acutisclerus Gilliland 1992
G. †Centripedatus Mostler 1996
G. †Clavallus Gilliland 1992
G. †Cosmatites Kristan-Tollmann 1972
G. Dictyothurites Deflandre-Rigaud 1959
G. Feddenella Soodan 1975
G. †Helfriedella Kozur and Sadeddin 1990
G. †Hexapriscopedatus Al-Tamimi and Saqqa 2008
G. †Huniella Kozur and Sadeddin 1990
G. †Kristanella Krainer and Mostler 1997
G. †Multivirga Mostler 1968
G. †Octopedatus Sadeddin and Al-Tamimi 2006
G. †Praethyonidium Mostler 1996
G. Priscopedatus Schlumberger 1890
G. †Prisculatrites Deflandre-Rigaud 1962
G. †Sastriella Soodan 1975
G. †Septapedatus Sadeddin and Al-Tamimi 2006
G. †Solopedatus Mostler 1971
G. †Spinopriscopedatus Kozur and Sadeddin 1990
G. †Staurocumites Deflandre-Rigaud 1952
G. †Tripuscucumis Reich 2003
Fm. †Semperitidae Mostler 1970
+
G. †Biacumina Mostler 1970
G. †Bicornuticaudina Kozur and Mostler 1989
G. †Semperites Mostler 1970
G. †Uniramosa Kozur and Mock 1972
Fm. †Stichopitidae Frizzell and Exline 1955
+
G. Cucumarites Deflandre and Deflandre-Rigaud 1948
+
Invalid names: Procucumaria Frentzen 1964 [synonym]
G. †Frangerites Mostler 1972
G. †Jagdipina Soodan 1986
G. †Praeeuphronides Mostler 1967
G. †Punctatites Mostler 1968
G. †Ramusites Mostler 1971
G. †Stichopitella Mostler 1969
G. Stichopites Deflandre and Deflandre-Rigaud 1948
+
Invalid names: Prostichopus Frentzen 1964 [synonym]
G. †Syneuphronides Mostler 1972
G. †Thenuisites Mostler 1970
G. †Uncinulinoides Mostler 1968
Fm. †Synaptellidae Deflandre-Rigaud 1962
+
G. †Spandelites Frizzell and Exline 1957
G. †Synaptellus Deflandre-Rigaud 1962
G. †Tetravirga Frizzell and Exline 1955
+
†Tetravirga etheridgei Frizzell and Exline 1955
†Tetravirga fordelensis Frizzell and Exline 1955
†Tetravirga gracilis Mostler 1968
†Tetravirga imperforata Frizzell and Exline 1955
†Tetravirga liassica Mostler 1968
†Tetravirga perforata Mostler 1968
Fm. Theeliidae Frizzell and Exline 1955
+
G. †Jumaraina Soodan 1977
G. †Lawsonina Soodan and Whatley 1988
G. †Micradites Deflandre-Rigaud 1950
G. †Neomicroantyx Mostler 1994
G. †Protheelia Frizzell and Exline 1955
G. †Schizotheelia Kristan-Tollmann 1972
G. Stueria Schlumberger 1888
G. †Swabiaina Soodan 1991
G. Thyonidium Düren and Koren 1846
G. †Triradites Mostler 1969
+
†Triradites communis Mostler 1969
†Triradites transitus Kozur and Mock 1972
Invalid names: Apodacea [empty], Arthrochirota Seilacher 1961 [empty], Aspidochirotacea [empty], Dendrochirotacea [empty], Paractinopoda [empty], Protocaudinidae Deflandre-Rigaud 1962 [empty], Punctatitidae Mostler and Rahimi-Yazd 1976 [empty], Rotiformidae Deflandre-Rigaud 1950 [empty]
Cl. †Ophiocistioidea Sollas 1899
+
Fm. †Eucladidae Gregory 1897
+
G. †Anguloserra Haude and Langenstrassen 1976
G. †Eucladia Woodward 1869
Fm. †Rotasacciidae Haude and Langenstrassen 1976
+
G. †Erisserra Boczarowski 2001
G. †Longiserra Boczarowski 2001
G. †Microantyx Kornicker and Imbrie 1958
G. †Ornatoserra Boczarowski 2001
G. †Pararotasaccus Kozur and Mostler 1989
G. †Protocaudina Croneis and McCormack 1932
G. †Rotasaccus Haude and Langenstrassen 1976
Fm. †Sollasinidae Fedotov 1926
+
G. †Cardioserra Romanek 1984
G. †Euthemon Sollas 1899
G. †Klukovicella Prokop and Petr 1987
G. †Sollasina Fedotov 1926
Fm. †Helicocystitidae Smith and Zamora 2013
+
Cl. †Helicoplacoidea Durham and Caster 1963
+
Fm. †Helicoplacidae Durham and Caster 1966
+
G. †Helicoplacus Durham and Caster 1963
+
†Helicoplacus gilberti Durham and Caster 1963
+
Invalid names: Helicoplacus casteri Durham 1993 [synonym], Helicoplacus curtisi Durham and Caster 1963 [synonym], Helicoplacus everndeni Durham 1967 [synonym], Helicoplacus guthi Durham 1993 [synonym], Westgardella blancoensis Durham 1993 [synonym], Westgardella firbyi Durham 1967 [synonym]
Invalid names: Westgardella Durham 1993 [synonym]
Invalid names: Helicoplacida Durham 1967 [empty], Polyplacida Durham 1967 [empty], Westgardellidae Durham 1993 [invalid subgroup]
Subph. †Homalozoa Whitehouse 1941
+
Invalid names: Homoiostelea Gill and Caster 1960 [empty], Homostelea [empty]
G. †Iheringiana Berg 1898
G. †Limolepis Kozur and Mostler 1972
+
†Limolepis interrupta Kozur and Mostler 1972
†Limolepis manicaformis Kozur and Mostler 1972
G. †Nemotapis Kozur and Mostler 1972
+
†Nemotapis inflecta Kozur and Mostler 1972
†Nemotapis procera Kozur and Mostler 1972
Subph. †Pelmatozoa Leuckart 1848
+
Cl. †Cystoidea von Buch 1846
+
Invalid names: Hydrophoridea Zittel 1903 [empty], Protocystites Salter 1865 [nomen nudum]
Cl. †Stylophora Gill and Caster 1960
+
Or. †Cornuta Jaekel 1901
+
G. †Amygdalotheca
Subor. †Amygdalothecida Lefebvre and Vizcaino 1999
+
G. †Babinocystis
Fm. †Ceratocystidae Jaekel 1901
+
G. †Chauvelia
Subor. †Cothurnocystida Bather 1913
+
Fm. †Cothurnocystidae Bather 1913
+
G. †Acuticarpus Sumrall et al. 1997
G. †Archaeocothurnus Sumrall et al. 1997
G. †Cardiocystella Sumrall et al. 2009
Subfm. †Chauvelicystinae Daley 1992
Subfm. †Cothurnocystinae Bather 1899
G. †Nevadaecystis
G. †Ponticulocarpus Sumrall and Sprinkle 1999
Subfm. †Scotiaecystinae Caster and Ubaghs 1967
G. †Trigonocarpus Ubaghs 1994
Invalid names: Phyllocystinae Derstler 1979 [empty]
G. †Galliaecystis
G. †Protocystites Hicks 1872
+
†Protocystites menevensis Hicks 1872
Invalid names: Protocystis Bather 1900 [synonym]
Or. †Mitrata Jaekel 1918
+
G. †Anatiferopsis
Subor. †Anomalocystitida Caster 1952
+
Fm. †Allanicytidiidae Caster and Gill 1967
+
G. †Allanicytidium Caster and Gill 1967
G. †Protocytidium Ruta and Jell 1999
Fm. †Anomalocystitidae Bassler 1938
+
Subfm. †Anomalocystitinae Bassler 1938
Subfm. †Enoplourinae Caster 1952
G. †Placocystites
G. †Pseudovictoriacystis Ruta and Jell 1999
G. †Rhenocystis
G. †Victoriacystis
G. †Bokkeveldia
G. †Chaivella
G. †Dalejocystis
G. †Diamphidiocystis
Subor. †Lagynocystida Baster 1952
+
G. †Lagynocystis
Invalid names: Lagynocystidae Jaekel 1918 [empty]
Subor. †Mitrocystitida Caster 1952
+
G. †Ateleocystites Billings 1858
+
†Ateleocystites huxleyi Billings 1858
†Ateleocystites lansae McDermott and Paul 2017
G. †Chinianocarpos
G. †Eumitrocystella
G. †Mitrocystella
G. †Mitrocystites
G. †Ovocarpus Ubaghs 1994
+
Invalid names: Mitrocystitidae Ubaghs 1968 [empty]
G. †Mongolocarpos
G. †Notocarpos
G. †Occultocystis
Subor. †Peltocystida Jefferies 1973
+
Fm. †Kirkocystidae Caster 1952
+
G. †Anatifopsis Barrande 1872
+
Invalid names: Anatiferocystis Chauvel 1941 [synonym], Guichenocarpos [synonym]
G. †Balanocystites
G. †Sagittacystis Parsley et al. 2000
G. †Peltocystis
G. †Taebaekocystis Lee et al. 2006
+
†Taebaekocystis cocaban Kobayashi 1960
†Taebaekocystis truncata Kobayashi 1960
Invalid names: Peltocystidae Ubaghs 1967 [empty]
G. †Spermacystis
G. †Tasmanicytidium
G. †Willmanocystis
G. †Yachalicystis
Invalid names: Ankyroida Parsley 1998 [invalid subgroup], Reticulocarpidae Cripps and Daley 1994 [empty]
Fm. †Tubocaudinidae Kozur and Mostler 1989
+
G. †Venerella Kozur and Mostler 1972
+
†Venerella globosa Kozur and Mostler 1972
†Venerella stillata Kozur and Mostler 1972
Invalid names: Carpoidea Jaekel 1900 [empty], Crinozoa Matsumoto 1929 [empty], Paracrinozoa Parsley and Mintz 1975 [empty], Scutellidae Angas 1871 [empty], Scutellinidae Dall 1889 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available