PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Scrotifera

Osteichthyes

Taxonomy

Scrotifera was named by Waddell et al. (1999). It is extant.

It was assigned to Laurasiatheria by Waddell et al. (1999), Asher and Helgen (2010).

Subtaxa

Acreodi, Bulbulodentata, Euungulata (syn. Eparctocyona, Ungulata), Ferae (syn. Ostentoria), Fereuungulata

Sister taxa

Bulbulodentata, Euungulata (syn. Eparctocyona, Ungulata), Ferae (syn. Ostentoria), Fereuungulata

Synonyms

Variamana is an unranked clade. It is extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Scrotifera by Asher and Helgen (2010).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1999	Scrotifera Waddell et al. p. cover
2010	Scrotifera Asher and Helgen p. 3 figs. Figure 1

Is something missing? Join the Paleobiology Database and enter the data

Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
class	Osteichthyes
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota

Rank	Name	Author
subclass	Synapsida
—	Therapsida	()
infraorder	Cynodontia	()
—	Mammaliamorpha
—	Mammaliaformes
class	Mammalia
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
—	Boreoeutheria
—	Laurasiatheria
—	Scrotifera
—	Scrotifera

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Unr. Scrotifera Waddell et al. 1999

show all | hide all

Or. †Acreodi Matthew 1909

hide

G. †Andrewsarchus Osborn 1924

†Andrewsarchus crassum Ding et al. 1977

†Andrewsarchus mongoliensis Osborn 1924

Unr. †Mesonychia [mesonychian]

Fm. †Hapalodectidae Szalay and Gould 1966 [condylarth]

G. †Hapalodectes Matthew 1909

†Hapalodectes anthracinus Zhou and Gingerich 1991

†Hapalodectes auctus Matthew and Granger 1925

†Hapalodectes compressus Matthew 1909

†Hapalodectes dux Lopatin 2001

†Hapalodectes hetangensis Ting and Li 1987

†Hapalodectes huanghaiensis Tong and Wang 2006

†Hapalodectes leptognathus Osborn and Wortman 1892

†Hapalodectes lopatini Solé et al. 2017

†Hapalodectes lushiensis Chow 1965

†Hapalodectes paleocenus Beard et al. 2010

†Hapalodectes paradux Lopatin 2023

†Hapalodectes serus Matthew and Granger 1925

G. †Hapalorestes Gunnell and Gingerich 1996

†Hapalorestes lovei Gunnell and Gingerich 1996

Fm. †Mesonychidae Cope 1875 [condylarth]

G. †Dissacus Cope 1881

†Dissacus argenteus O'Leary and Rose 1995

†Dissacus blayaci Stehlin 1926

†Dissacus bohaiensis Tong and Wang 2006

†Dissacus europaeus Lemoine 1891

Invalid names: Hyaenodictis gaudryi Lemione 1891 [synonym]

†Dissacus filholi Lemoine 1891

†Dissacus indigenus Dashzeveg 1976

†Dissacus magushanensis Yan and Tang 1976

†Dissacus navajovius Cope 1881

Invalid names: Dissacus carnifex Cope 1882 [synonym]

†Dissacus praenuntius Matthew and Granger 1915

†Dissacus progressus Crusafont-Pairo and Golpe-Posse 1968

†Dissacus raslanloubatieri Solé et al. 2018

†Dissacus rotundus Wang 1975

†Dissacus rougierae Solé et al. 2018

†Dissacus saurognathus Wortman 1897

†Dissacus serior O'Leary and Rose 1995

†Dissacus serratus Chow and Qi 1978

†Dissacus shanghoensis Chow et al. 1973

†Dissacus willwoodensis O'Leary and Rose 1995

†Dissacus zanabazari Geisler and McKenna 2007

†Dissacus zengi Ting 2004

Invalid names: Hyaenodictis Lemoine 1891 [synonym], Hyoenodictis Lemoine 1880 [synonym], Plesidissacus Lemoine 1894 [synonym]

G. †Dissacusium Chow et al. 1977

G. †Harpagolestes Wortman 1901

†Harpagolestes brevipes Thorpe 1923

†Harpagolestes immanis Matthew 1909

†Harpagolestes koreanicus Shikama 1943

†Harpagolestes leei Jin 2005

†Harpagolestes leotensis Peterson 1931

†Harpagolestes macrocephalus Wortman 1901

†Harpagolestes orientalis Szalay and Gould 1966

†Harpagolestes uintensis Scott 1888

G. †Hessolestes Peterson 1931

†Hessolestes ultimus Peterson 1931

G. †Honanodon Chow 1965

†Honanodon hebetis Chow 1965

†Honanodon macrodontus Chow 1965

G. †Jiangxia Zhang et al. 1979

†Jiangxia chaotoensis Zhang et al. 1979

G. †Lohoodon Chow et al. 1973

Subfm. †Mesonychinae Cope 1880

G. †Ankalagon Van Valen 1980

Invalid names: Ancalagon Van Valen 1978 [synonym]

G. †Guilestes Zheng and Chi 1978

G. †Hukoutherium Chow et al. 1973

G. †Mesonyx Cope 1872

G. †Mongolestes Szalay and Gould 1966

G. †Mongolonyx Szalay and Gould 1966

G. †Yantanglestes Ideker and Yan 1980

Invalid names: Lestes Yan and Tang 1976 [replaced]

G. †Metahapalodectes Dashzeveg 1976

G. †Olsenia Matthew and Granger 1925

†Olsenia mira Matthew and Granger 1925

G. †Pachyaena Cope 1874

†Pachyaena gigantea Osborn and Wortman 1892

†Pachyaena gracilis Matthew and Granger 1915

†Pachyaena nemegetica Dashzeveg 1976

†Pachyaena ossifraga Cope 1874

Invalid names: Pachyaena intermedia Wortman 1899 [synonym]

G. †Plagiocristodon Chow and Qi 1978

G. †Sinonyx Zhou et al. 1995

†Sinonyx jiashanensis Zhou et al. 1995

G. †Synoplotherium Cope 1872

†Synoplotherium canius Cope 1872

†Synoplotherium lanius Cope 1872

†Synoplotherium vorax Marsh 1876

Invalid names: Dromocyon Marsh 1876 [synonym]

Invalid names: Hapalodectinae Szalay and Gould 1966 [empty]

G. †Simidectes Stock 1933

†Simidectes magnus Peterson 1919

†Simidectes medius Peterson 1919

†Simidectes merriami Stock 1933

Invalid names: Pleurocyon Peterson 1919 [synonym]

G. †Wyolestes Gingerich 1981

†Wyolestes apheles Gingerich 1981

†Wyolestes dioctes Gingerich 1982

†Wyolestes iglesius Novacek et al. 1991

Invalid names: Andrewsarchidae Szalay and Gould 1966 [empty], Wyolestidae [empty]

G. †Mondegodon Tabuce et al. 2011

†Mondegodon eutrigonus Tabuce et al. 2011

Fm. †Triisodontidae Scott 1892

G. †Eoconodon Matthew and Granger 1921

†Eoconodon copanus Van Valen 1978

†Eoconodon coryphaeus Cope 1885

Invalid names: Mioclaenus bathygnathus Cope 1888 [synonym], Triisodon biculminatus Cope 1888 [synonym]

†Eoconodon gaudrianus Cope 1888

†Eoconodon ginibitohia Clemens and Williamson 2005

†Eoconodon hutchisoni Clemens 2011

†Eoconodon nidhoggi Van Valen 1978

G. †Goniacodon Scott 1892

†Goniacodon hiawathae Van Valen 1978

†Goniacodon levisanus Cope 1883

G. †Stelocyon Gingerich 1978

†Stelocyon arctylos Gingerich 1978

G. †Triisodon Cope 1881

†Triisodon crassicuspis Cope 1882

Invalid names: Triisodon rusticus Cope 1884 [synonym]

†Triisodon quivirensis Cope 1881

Invalid names: Sarcothraustes antiquus Cope 1882 [synonym], Triisodon conidens Cope 1882 [synonym]

Invalid names: Sarcothraustes Cope 1882 [synonym]

Invalid names: Oxyclaenidae Scott 1892 [invalid subgroup]

Unr. †Bulbulodentata Archibald 1998

hide

Fm. †Periptychidae Cope 1882 [condylarth]

G. †Alticonus Eberle and Lillegraven 1998

†Alticonus gazini Eberle and Lillegraven 1998

G. †Ampliconus Eberle and Lillegraven 1998

†Ampliconus antoni Eberle and Lillegraven 1998

†Ampliconus browni Eberle and Lillegraven 1998

Subfm. †Anisonchinae Osborne and Earle 1895

G. †Haploconus Cope 1882

†Haploconus angustus Cope 1881

Invalid names: Haploconus corniculatus Cope 1888 [synonym], Haploconus inopinatus Gazin 1939 [synonym], Haploconus xiphodon Cope 1882 [synonym]

†Haploconus elachistus Gazin 1941

†Haploconus entoconus Cope 1882

Invalid names: Anisonchus coniferus Cope 1882 [synonym]

†Haploconus lineatus Cope 1882

G. †Pseudanisonchus Zhang et al. 1979

†Pseudanisonchus antelios Zhang et al. 1979

G. †Anisonchus Cope 1881

†Anisonchus athelas Van Valen 1978

Invalid names: Anisonchus eowynae Van Valen 1978 [synonym]

†Anisonchus fortunatus Simpson 1932

†Anisonchus oligistus Gazin 1941

†Anisonchus onostus Gazin 1939

†Anisonchus sectorius Cope 1881

Invalid names: Anisonchus dracus Gazin 1939 [synonym], Mioclaenus mandibularis Cope 1881 [synonym], Zetodon gracilis Cope 1883 [synonym]

†Anisonchus willeyi Rigby, Jr. 1980

Invalid names: Zetodon Cope 1883 [synonym]

G. †Auraria Middleton and Dewar 2004

†Auraria urbana Middleton and Dewar 2004

G. †Beornus Atteberry and Eberle 2021

†Beornus honeyi Atteberry and Eberle 2021

G. †Conacodon Matthew 1897

†Conacodon cophater Cope 1884

†Conacodon delphae Eberle and Lillegraven 1998

†Conacodon harbourae Eberle and Lillegraven 1998

†Conacodon hettingeri Atteberry and Eberle 2021

†Conacodon kohlbergeri Archibald et al. 1983

Invalid names: Conacodon utahensis Robison 1986 [synonym]

†Conacodon matthewi Middleton and Dewar 2004

Subfm. †Conacodontinae Archibald et al. 1983

G. †Militocodon Weaver et al. 2024

†Militocodon lydae Weaver et al. 2024

G. †Escatepos Reynolds 1936

†Escatepos campi Reynolds 1936

G. †Goleroconus McKenna and Honey 2008

†Goleroconus alfi McKenna and Honey 2008

G. †Hemithlaeus Cope 1882

†Hemithlaeus josephi Van Valen 1978

†Hemithlaeus kowalevskianus Cope 1882

G. †Miniconus Atteberry and Eberle 2021

†Miniconus archibaldi Middleton and Dewar 2004

†Miniconus jeanninae Atteberry and Eberle 2021

G. †Mithrandir Cifelli 1983

†Mithrandir gillianus Cope 1882

Invalid names: Anisonchus apiculatus Cope 1884 [synonym]

Invalid names: Gillisonchus Rigby 1981 [synonym]

G. †Oxyacodon Osborn and Earle 1895

†Oxyacodon agapetillus Cope 1884

Invalid names: Fimbrethil ambaronae Van Valen 1978 [synonym]

†Oxyacodon apiculatus Osborn and Earle 1895

†Oxyacodon ferronensis Archibald et al. 1983

†Oxyacodon marshater Van Valen 1978

†Oxyacodon priscilla Matthew 1937

Invalid names: Fimbrethil Van Valen 1978 [synonym]

G. †Paleoungulatum Kelly 2014

†Paleoungulatum hooleyi Kelly 2014

Subfm. †Periptychinae Osborn and Earle 1895

G. †Ectoconus Cope 1884

†Ectoconus cavigellii Eberle and Lillegraven 1998

†Ectoconus ditrigonus Cope 1882

Invalid names: Ectoconus majusculus Matthew 1937 [synonym]

†Ectoconus symbolus Gazin 1941

G. †Periptychus Cope 1881

†Periptychus carinidens Cope 1881

Invalid names: Catathlaeus rhabdodon Cope 1881 [synonym], Eohyus robustus Marsh 1894 [synonym], Periptychus gilmorei Gazin 1938 [synonym], Periptychus superstes Matthew 1935 [synonym]

†Periptychus coarctatus Cope 1883

Invalid names: Periptychus brabensis Cope 1888 [synonym], Periptychus hamaxitus Gazin 1941 [synonym], Periptychus matthewi Simpson 1936 [synonym], Plagioptychus matthewi Simpson 1936 [synonym]

Invalid names: Carsioptychus Simpson 1936 [synonym], Catathlaeus Cope 1881 [synonym], Plagioptychus Matthew 1936 [synonym]

G. †Tinuviel Van Valen 1978

†Tinuviel eurydice Van Valen 1978

Unr. Euungulata Waddell et al. 2001

hide

Unr. Artiodactylamorpha Spaulding et al. 2009

Unr. Artiodactyla Owen 1848 [even-toed ungulate]

Subfm. †Antiacodontinae

G. †Sarcolemur Cope 1875

Superfm. †Cainotherioidea Camp and VanDerHoof 1940

Fm. †Cainotheriidae Cope 1881

Fm. †Robiacinidae Weppe et al. 2019

Superfm. †Choeropotamoidea

Fm. †Choeropotamidae Owen 1845

Fm. †Climacoceratidae Hamilton 1978

G. †Climacoceras MacInnes 1936

G. †Prolibytherium Arambourg 1961

Invalid names: Climacoceratinae Hamilton 1978 [empty], Sperrgebietomerycinae Morales et al. 1999 [empty]

Fm. †Diacodexeidae Krishtalka and Stucky 1985

G. †Bunophorus Sinclair 1914

G. †Diacodexis Cope 1882

Invalid names: Trigonolestes Cope 1894 [synonym], Wasatchia Sinclair 1914 [synonym]

G. †Gujaratia Bajpai et al. 2005

G. †Jiangsudon Metais et al. 2008

G. †Magwetherium Ducrocq et al. 2016

G. †Neodiacodexis West and Atkins 1970

G. †Simpsonodus Krishtalka and Stucky 1986

G. †Tapochoerus McKenna 1959

Invalid names: Bunophorinae Stucky and Krishtalka 1990 [empty]

Superfm. †Dichobunoidea Gill 1872

G. †Acoessus Cope 1881

Fm. †Cebochoeridae Lydekker

Fm. †Dichobunidae Gill 1872

Fm. †Helohyidae Marsh 1877

Fm. †Homacodontidae Marsh 1849

Fm. †Leptochoeridae Marsh 1894

Fm. †Mixtotheriidae Pearson 1927

Fm. †Raoellidae Sahni et al. 1981

G. †Eolantianus Averianov 1996

†Eolantianus russelli Averianov 1996

G. †Erlianhyus Li and Li 2022

†Erlianhyus primitivus Li and Li 2022

G. †Hsanotherium Ducrocq et al. 2000

†Hsanotherium parvum Ducrocq et al. 2000

G. †Myanmarius Tsubamoto et al. 2013

†Myanmarius chitseini Tsubamoto et al. 2013

Subor. Omnivora

G. †Hadrohyus Leidy 1872

G. †Raphenacodus Gabunia 1971

Unr. Ruminantiamorpha Spaulding et al. 2009

Fm. †Protoceratidae Marsh 1891 [protoceratid]

Unr. Ruminantia Scopoli 1777 [ruminant]

Subor. Suiformes Jaeckel 1911

Invalid names: Anthracotherioidea Gill 1872 [empty], Palaeodonta Matthew [synonym]

Superfm. Suoidea Gray 1821

G. †Doliochoerus Filhol 1882

G. †Egatochoerus Ducrocq 1994

G. †Odoichoerus Tong and Zhao 1986

G. †Palaeochoerus Pomel 1847

G. †Schizochoerus Crusafont-Pairo and Lavocat 1954

Fm. Suidae Gray 1821 [pig]

Invalid names: Phacochoeridae Gray 1868 [synonym]

G. †Taucanamo Simpson 1945

Invalid names: Palaeochoeridae Matthew 1924 [invalid subgroup], Sanitheriidae Simpson 1945 [empty], Suina Gray 1868 [invalid subgroup], Suinamorpha Spaulding et al. 2009 [synonym]

Fm. †Tapirulidae Cope 1879

G. †Obotherium Bai et al. 2023

G. †Tapiruloides Bai et al. 2023

G. †Tapirulus Gervais 1850

G. †Tragulohyus Gervais 1874

Subor. Tylopoda Illiger 1811

Fm. †Amphimerycidae Stehlin 1910

Superfm. †Anoplotherioidea Bonaparte 1850

Fm. †Oromerycidae Gazin 1955

Invalid names: Camelidamorpha Spaulding et al. 2009 [synonym], Cameloidea [empty], Oreodontoidea Gill 1872 [empty], Xiphodontoidea Flower 1883 [empty]

Invalid names: Achaenodontidae [empty], Ancodonta Matthew [empty], Antiacodontidae Krishtalka and Stucky 1985 [empty], Booidea [empty], Bunomerycidae Gentry and Hooker 1988 [empty], Cetartiodactyla Montgelard et al. 1997 [synonym], Eurytheriidae Cope 1889 [empty], Haplobunodontidae Sudre 1978 [empty], Hyodonta Matthew 1929 [empty], Leptochoerinae [empty], Merycoidodontoidea [empty], Neoselenodontia Webb and Taylor 1980 [empty], Nonruminantia Gregory 1910 [empty], Trigonolestidae [empty]

Unr. †Panperissodactyla Welker et al. 2015

Or. †Panameriungulata de Muizon and Cifelli 2000

Fm. †Didolodontidae Simpson 1934

G. †Archaeohyracotherium Ameghino 1906

G. †Argyrolambda Ameghino 1904

G. †Depaulacoutoia Cifelli and Ortiz-Jaureguizar 2014

Invalid names: Paulacoutoia Cifelli 1983 [replaced]

G. †Didolodus Ameghino 1897

Invalid names: Cephanodus Ameghino 1902 [synonym], Lonchoconus Ameghino 1901 [synonym], Nephacodus Ameghino 1902 [synonym]

G. †Enneoconus Ameghino 1901

G. †Ernestokokenia Ameghino 1901

Invalid names: Notoprotogonia Ameghino 1904 [synonym]

G. †Escribania Bonaparte et al. 1993

G. †Lamegoia Paula Couto 1952

G. †Paulogervaisia Ameghino 1901

G. †Proectocion Ameghino 1904

Invalid names: Oxybunotherium Pascual 1965 [synonym]

G. †Raulvaccia Bonaparte et al. 1993

G. †Ricardocifellia Mones 2015

G. †Salladolodus Soria and Hoffstetter 1983

G. †Saltaodus Gelfo et al. 2020

G. †Umayodus Gelfo and Sigé 2011

Invalid names: Bunolitopternidae Schlosser 1823 [synonym], Didolodidae Scott 1913 [replaced]

Subor. †Litopterna Ameghino 1889

Fm. †Adianthidae Ameghino 1891

G. †Eolicaphrium Ameghino 1902

Subor. †Lopholipterna Cifelli 1983

Fm. †Macraucheniidae Ameghino 1889

Fm. †Mesorhinidae Ameghino 1891

Fm. †Notonychopidae Soria 1989

Fm. †Proterotheriidae Ameghino 1887

Invalid names: Bunodontheridae Mercerat 1891 [synonym]

Fm. †Protolipternidae Cifelli 1983

Fm. †Sparnotheriodontidae Soria 1980

G. †Thoatheriopsis Soria 2001

Invalid names: Eolitopterna Soria 2001 [empty], Lambdaconus elegans Roth 1904 [nomen dubium], Paulogervaisia celata Ameghino 1901 [nomen dubium], Proacrodon Roth 1899 [nomen vanum], Proacrodon transformatus Roth 1899 [nomen vanum], Proadiantus gibbus Ameghino 1901 [nomen vanum]

Superor. Perissodactylamorpha Rose et al. 2020

Or. Perissodactyla Owen 1848 [odd-toed ungulate]

Fm. †Anthracobunidae Wells and Gingerich 1983

Fm. †Brontotheriidae Marsh 1873 [brontothere]

Invalid names: Titanotheriidae [synonym]

Fm. †Cambaytheriidae Bajpai et al. 2005

G. †Cambaytherium Bajpai et al. 2005

Invalid names: Indobune Rose et al. 2006 [synonym]

Or. †Desmostylia Reinhart 1953 [desmostylian]

Invalid names: Desmostyliformes Hay 1923 [synonym]

Superfm. Equoidea Hay 1902

G. †Ghazijhippus Missiaen and Gingerich 2014

G. †Hallensia Franzen and Haubold 1986

Subor. †Lophodontomorpha Hooker and Dashzeveg 2004

G. †Mesolambdolophus Holbrook and Lapergola 2011

G. †Nakusia Ginsburg et al. 1999

G. †Paschatherium Russell 1963

G. †Perissobune Missiaen and Gingerich 2014

G. †Skopaiolophus Métais et al. 2006

Subor. †Solidungula Cuvier

Unr. Tapiromorpha Haeckel 1873

Invalid names: Moropomorpha [synonym]

G. †Teilhardimys Kretzoi and Kretzoi 2000

Invalid names: Microhyus Teilhard de Chardin 1927 [replaced]

Subor. †Titanotheriomorpha

Invalid names: Chelodactyla Scott 1913 [empty], Equina Bonaparte 1850 [empty], Hippopotamus iravaticus Noetling 1897 [nomen dubium], Hyracotheriidae Cope 1881 [empty], Mesaxonia Marsh 1884 [empty], Rhinocerotida Owen 1845 [empty], Selenida McKenna and Bell 1997 [invalid subgroup], Stereopterna Ameghino 1889 [empty], Triplopodidae Cope 1881 [empty]

G. †Radinskya McKenna et al. 1989

†Radinskya yupingae McKenna et al. 1989

Invalid names: Anthracobunia Ginsburg et al. 1999 [empty]

Unr. Phenacodonta McKenna 1975

G. †Olbitherium Tong et al. 2004

†Olbitherium millenariusum Tong et al. 2004

Fm. †Phenacodontidae Cope 1881 [condylarth]

G. †Almogaver Crusafont-Pairo and Villalta 1954

G. †Copecion Gingerich 1989

G. †Eodesmatodon Zheng and Chi 1978

G. †Lophocion Wang and Tong 1997

Subfm. †Meniscotheriinae Cope 1882

G. †Phenacodus Cope 1873

Invalid names: Eohyus Marsh 1894 [synonym], Opisthotomus Cope 1875 [synonym], Trispondylus Cope 1884 [replaced]

G. †Tetraclaenodon Scott 1892

Invalid names: Euprotogonia Cope 1893 [synonym], Protogonia Cope 1881 [synonym]

Invalid names: Eparctocyona McKenna 1975 [synonym], Ungulata Linnaeus 1766 [synonym]

Unr. Ferae Linnaeus 1758

hide

Or. †Creodonta Cope 1875 [creodont]

G. †Altacreodus Fox 2015

†Altacreodus magnus Clemens and Russell 1965

Invalid names: Ambloctonidae Cope 1877 [empty], Amblyctonidae Cope 1877 [empty], Arctocyonoidae Trouessart 1885 [empty], Hyaenodontida Leidy 1869 [empty], Limnocyonidae [empty], Oxyaenoidae Cope 1877 [empty], Uintacyonidae Hay 1902 [empty]

Unr. Pancarnivora Flynn et al. 2020

Unr. Carnivoramorpha Wyss and Flynn 1993

Unr. †Carnivoraformes Flynn et al.

G. †Africtis Mattingly et al. 2020

Or. Carnivora Bowdich 1821 [carnivoran]

G. †Dormaalocyon Solé et al. 2014

G. †Gracilocyon Smith and Smith 2010

G. Lycarion Matthew 1909

Fm. †Miacidae Cope 1880

G. †Miacis Cope 1872

Invalid names: Harpalodon Marsh 1872 [synonym], Prodaphaenus Wortman and Matthew 1899 [synonym]

G. †Neovulpavus Wortman 1901

G. †Palaearctonyx Matthew 1909

G. †Paramiacis Filhol 1876

G. †Procynodictis Wortman and Matthew 1899

Invalid names: Plesiomiacis Simpson 1945 [synonym]

G. †Quercygale Kretzoi 1945

Invalid names: Humbertia De Beaumont 1965 [objective synonym]

G. †Uintacyon Leidy 1873

G. †Vassacyon Matthew 1909

G. †Vulpavus Marsh 1871

G. †Xinyuictis Zheng et al. 1975

G. †Zodiocyon Tong and Wang 2006

G. †Dawsonicyon Spaulding et al. 2010

†Dawsonicyon isami Spaulding et al. 2010

G. †Oodectes Wortman 1901

†Oodectes herpestoides Wortman 1901

Invalid names: Oodectes proximus Matthew 1909 [synonym], Paeneprolimnocyon amissadomus Guthrie 1967 [synonym], Triacodon nanus Marsh 1872 [synonym]

†Oodectes jepseni Guthrie 1967

Invalid names: Paeneprolimnocyon iudei Guthrie 1967 [synonym]

†Oodectes pugnax Wortman and Matthew 1899

Invalid names: Paeneprolimnocyon Guthrie 1967 [synonym]

G. †Tapocyon Stock 1934

†Tapocyon dawsonae Wesley and Flynn 2003

†Tapocyon robustus Peterson 1919

Invalid names: Tapocyon occidentalis Stock 1934 [synonym]

Fm. †Viverravidae Wortman and Matthew 1899

G. †Didymictis Cope 1875

G. †Orientictis Huang and Zheng 2005

G. †Preonictis Tong and Wang 2006

G. †Protictis Matthew

G. †Simpsonictis MacIntyre 1962

G. †Variviverra Tong and Wang 2006

G. †Viverravus Marsh 1872

Invalid names: Ziphacodon Marsh 1872 [synonym]

G. †Viverriscus Beard and Dawson 2009

Invalid names: Deltatherium durini Van Valen 1978 [nomen dubium], Didymictidae Flynn and Galiano 1982 [synonym]

Or. †Hyaenodonta Van Valen 1967

G. †Eoproviverra Solé et al. 2014

†Eoproviverra eisenmanni Godinot 1981

Superfm. †Hyaenodontoidea Leidy 1869

Fm. †Hyaenodontidae Leidy 1869

Subfm. †Proviverrinae Schlosser 1886

Superfm. †Hyainailouroidea Borths et al. 2016

Unr. †Hyainailouridae Solé et al. 2015

G. †Kyawdawia Egi et al. 2005

G. †Metasinopa Osborn 1909

G. †Paratritemnodon Ranga Rao 1973

Unr. †Teratodontinae Savage 1965

Subfm. †Limnocyoninae Wortman 1902

G. †Iridodon Morlo and Gunnell 2003

G. †Limnocyon Marsh 1872

Invalid names: Telmatocyon Marsh 1899 [synonym]

G. †Oxyaenodon Matthew 1899

G. †Prolaena Xu et al. 1979

G. †Prolimnocyon Matthew and Granger 1915

G. †Thinocyon Marsh 1872

Invalid names: Limnocyonini Wortman 1902 [empty], Machaeroidini Matthew 1909 [empty]

Unr. †Oxyaenodonta Van Valen 1971

Fm. †Oxyaenidae Cope 1877

G. †Dipsalidictis Matthew and Granger 1915

Invalid names: Dipsalidictides Denison 1938 [synonym]

G. †Dipsalodon Jepsen 1930

G. †Dormaalodon Lange-Badré 1987

G. †Galethylax Gervais 1850

G. †Machaeroides Matthew 1909

Subfm. †Machaeroidinae

Subfm. †Oxyaeninae Trouessart 1885

Subfm. †Palaeonictinae Denison 1938

G. †Sarkastodon Granger 1938

G. †Tytthaena Gingerich 1980

Unr. †Pholidotamorpha Gaudin et al. 2009

Subor. †Palaeanodonta Matthew 1918

G. †Amelotabes Rose 1978

†Amelotabes simpsoni Rose 1978

G. †Arcticanodon Rose et al. 2004

†Arcticanodon dawsonae Rose et al. 2004

Fm. †Epoicotheriidae Simpson 1927

G. †Alocodontulum Rose et al. 1978

G. †Auroratherium Tong and Wang 1997

G. †Dipassalus Rose et al. 1991

G. †Epoicotherium Simpson 1927

Invalid names: Pseudochrysochloris Turnbull and Reed 1967 [synonym], Xenotherium Douglass 1905 [replaced]

G. †Tetrapassalus Simpson 1959

G. †Tubulodon Jepsen 1932

Invalid names: Alocodon Rose et al. 1977 [synonym], Pentapassalus Gazin 1952 [synonym]

G. †Xenocranium Colbert 1942

G. †Ernanodon Ding 1979

†Ernanodon antelios Ding 1979

Fm. †Escavadodontidae Rose and Lucas 2000

G. †Escavadodon Rose and Lucas 2000

G. †Melaniella Fox 1984

†Melaniella timosa Fox 1984

Fm. †Metacheiromyidae Wortman 1903

G. †Brachianodon Gunnell and Gingerich 1993

G. †Metacheiromys Wortman 1903

G. †Mylanodon Secord et al. 2002

G. †Palaeanodon Matthew 1918

G. †Propalaeanodon Rose 1979

Or. Pholidota Weber 1904 [pangolin]

Unr. †Eupholidota Gaudin et al. 2009

G. †Eomanis Storch 1978

Unr. †Manoidea Gaudin et al.

G. †Eurotamandua Storch 1981

Eurotamandua joresi Storch 1981

G. †Leptomanis Filhol 1894

†Leptomanis edwardsi Filhol 1894

Invalid names: Eomanidae Storch 2003 [empty], Squamata Huxley 1872 [synonym]

Invalid names: Ostentoria [synonym]

Unr. Fereuungulata Waddell et al. 1999

hide

Invalid names: Zooamata Waddell et al. 1999 [empty]

Invalid names: Variamana [synonym]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Maximum body mass:

1000 kgg

Minimum body mass:

300 gs

Environment:

terrestrialsubc

Locomotion:

actively mobilec

Life habit:

scansorialsubc

Diet:

insectivoresubc

Reproduction:

viviparoussubc

Created:

2005-09-06 20:43:42

Modified:

2005-09-06 22:44:32

Source: s = species, g = genus, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum

References: Hendy et al. 2009, Legendre 1988, Vizcaíno et al. 2010, Cifelli and Villarroel 1997, Lillegraven 1979, Ji et al. 2002, Benton 1996, Carroll 1988

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Middle Turonian to the top of the Holocene or 93.90000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 89.8 Ma

Collections (16042 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Oldest occurrences
Middle Turonian - Late/Upper Turonian	93.9 - 89.8	Uzbekistan (Navoi)	Periptychidae indet. (58168)
Lancian	72.2 - 66.0	Canada (Alberta)	Cimolestes magnus (14630 14633 14635 14637)
Lancian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Montana)	Cimolestes magnus (14516 14532)
Lancian	72.2 - 66.0	Canada (Saskatchewan)	Cimolestes magnus (14558)
Lancian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Wyoming)	Cimolestes magnus (14519 14598) Oxyprimus sp., Oxyprimus galadrielae, Mimatuta sp., Protungulatum sloani, Protungulatum donnae (14796) Protungulatum sp. (14514)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Montana)	Paleoungulatum hooleyi, Baioconodon nordicus (183109) Protungulatum coombsi (110464) Protungulatum gorgun (14674)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (North Dakota)	Cimolestes magnus (45144)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	India (Madhya Pradesh)	Kharmerungulatum vanvaleni (75493)
Pu1	66.0 - 63.4	USA (Montana)	Mimatuta minuial, Protungulatum donnae (14762) Oxyprimus erikseni, Baioconodon sp., Baioconodon engdahli, Mimatuta sp., Mimatuta minuial (231045) Oxyprimus erikseni, Mimatuta morgoth, Protungulatum donnae, Ragnarok engdahli (14798) Periptychidae indet., Ragnarok nordicum, Mimatuta minuial, Protungulatum mckeeveri (14761)
Pu2	66.0 - 63.4	Canada (Saskatchewan)	Carcinodon aquilonius (14764)
Pu3	66.0 - 63.4	USA (Montana)	Eoconodon hutchisoni (143205) Eoconodon hutchisoni, Eoconodon nidhoggi (218647) Oxyacodon ferronensis, Eoconodon hutchisoni, Eoconodon nidhoggi (14738)
Puercan	66.0 - 63.4	Canada (Saskatchewan)	Anisonchus oligistus, Oxyacodon agapetillus, Eoconodon sp., Carcinodon aquilonius, Baioconodon denverensis, Loxolophus schizophrenus, Oxyclaenus corax, Carnivora indet., Ravenictis krausei (14768) Arctocyonidae indet., Baioconodon denverensis, Loxolophus schizophrenus, Oxyclaenus sp. (14691) Oxyprimus erikseni, Mimatuta sp., Protungulatum donnae, Ragnarok sp. (14756) Periptychidae indet., Protungulatum donnae (14737)
Puercan	66.0 - 63.4	USA (North Dakota)	Oxyacodon priscilla, Protungulatum sp. (14765)
Puercan	66.0 - 63.4	USA (Montana)	Anisonchus oligistus, Tinuviel eurydice, Oxyclaenus pugnax, Protungulatum sp., Oxprimus albertensis, Tricentes sp., Eoconodon sp., Oxyacodon josephi, Eoconodon sp. (14766) Baioconodon nordicus (14693) Baioconodon sp., Mimatuta morgoth, Protungulatum sp., Protungulatum gorgun, Protungulatum donnae (14672) Eoconodon hutchisoni (140079 218651 218655) Eoconodon nidhoggi (218650) Mimatuta minuial (14701) Mimatuta minuial, Protungulatum donnae (231047) Mimatuta minuial, Ragnarok engdahli (14694) Mimatuta morgoth (14675 108198 108199) Mimatuta morgoth, Protungulatum gorgun, Ragnarok nordicum (14782) Mimatuta sp. (14801 14802) Mimatuta sp., Mimatuta morgoth, Protungulatum donnae (14771) Mimatuta sp., Mimatuta morgoth, Protungulatum gorgun, Protungulatum donnae, Ragnarok nordicum (14787) Mimatuta sp., Mimatuta morgoth, Protungulatum gorgun, Ragnarok nordicum (14763) Mimatuta sp., Protungulatum sp. (14770) Mimatuta sp., Ragnarok nordicum (14668 14669 14740 14789) Oxyacodon ferronensis (218654) Oxyacodon ferronensis, Eoconodon hutchisoni (14799) Oxyacodon ferronensis, Eoconodon hutchisoni, Eoconodon nidhoggi (218648) Oxyacodon ferronensis, Eoconodon nidhoggi (218649) Oxyprimus erikseni (14696 14702) Oxyprimus erikseni, Baioconodon nordicum, Mimatuta sp., Ragnarok harbichti (14743) Oxyprimus erikseni, Mimatuta minuial, Protungulatum donnae, Ragnarok nordicum (14786) Oxyprimus erikseni, Mimatuta morgoth, Protungulatum donnae (14671) Oxyprimus erikseni, Mimatuta morgoth, Protungulatum donnae, Ragnarok nordicum (14749) Oxyprimus erikseni, Mimatuta morgoth, Protungulatum gorgun, Protungulatum donnae, Ragnarok nordicum (14699 14754) Oxyprimus erikseni, Mimatuta sp. (14767) Oxyprimus erikseni, Mimatuta sp., Mimatuta minuial, Protungulatum donnae (193844) Oxyprimus erikseni, Mimatuta sp., Mimatuta morgoth, Mimatuta minuial, Protungulatum donnae, Ragnarok nordicum (14777) Oxyprimus erikseni, Mimatuta sp., Mimatuta morgoth, Mimatuta minuial, Protungulatum gorgun, Protungulatum donnae, Ragnarok nordicum (14788) Oxyprimus erikseni, Mimatuta sp., Mimatuta morgoth, Protungulatum donnae, Ragnarok nordicum (14751) Oxyprimus erikseni, Mimatuta sp., Protungulatum gorgun (14776) Oxyprimus erikseni, Mimatuta sp., Protungulatum gorgun, Protungulatum donnae (14780) Oxyprimus erikseni, Mimatuta sp., Protungulatum gorgun, Protungulatum donnae, Ragnarok nordicum (14784 14785) Oxyprimus erikseni, Mimatuta sp., Ragnarok nordicum (14773) Oxyprimus erikseni, Protungulatum gorgun (14698) Oxyprimus erikseni, Ragnarok engdahli, Mimatuta morgoth (14742) Oxyprimus erikseni, Ragnarok harbichti, Mimatuta morgoth, Protungulatum sp., Protungulatum gorgun, Protungulatum donnae (14741) Oxyprimus erikseni, Ragnarok nordicum (14660) Oxyprimus sp. (14665 14673) Oxyprimus sp., Oxyprimus erikseni, Baioconodon engdahli, Mimatuta morgoth, Mimatuta minuial, Protungulatum gorgun, Protungulatum donnae, Baioconodon harbichti (14705) Periptychidae indet., Anisonchus sp., Oxyacodon sp., Carcinodon aquilonius, Oxyprimus sp., Baioconodon denverensis, Loxolophus sp., Oxyclaenus simplex, Protungulatum sp., Protogonodon pentacus (14809) Periptychidae indet., Mimatuta sp., Protungulatum donnae, Mimatuta sp. (14759) Protungulatum donnae (14663 14667 14753) Protungulatum donnae, Ragnarok nordicum (14779) Protungulatum gorgun (14755 14757) Protungulatum gorgun, Ragnarok nordicum (14676) Ragnarok nordicum (14697 14700 14752 14758 14778) Tinuviel eurydice, Oxyacodon ferronensis, Carcinodon sp., Baioconodon nordicus (14744) Tinuviel eurydice, Oxyacodon ferronensis, Oxyacodon apiculatus, Eoconodon nidhoggi, Carcinodon sp., Baioconodon nordicus, Loxolophus sp., Loxolophus schizophrenus, Oxyclaenus sp. (14745)
Puercan	66.0 - 63.4	USA (Utah)	Carsioptychus hamaxitus, Ectoconus symbolus, Anisonchus athelas, Anisonchus oligistus, Oxyacodon marshater, Goniacodon hiawathae, Loxolophus sp., Protogonodon sp., Oxyclaenus sp., Periptychus hamaxitus, Conacodon utahensis, Haploconus sp. (14790) Ectoconus ditrigonus, Anisonchus athelas, Loxolophus sp., Conacodon utahensis (14739) Ectoconus ditrigonus, Ectoconus symbolus, Anisonchus athelas, Anisonchus oligistus, Oxyacodon ferronensis, Loxolophus pentacus, Periptychus hamaxitus (14736) Ectoconus sp., Ectoconus symbolus, Periptychus hamaxitus (14748) Eoconodon sp., Oxyclaenus simplex (14791) Periptychidae indet., Ectoconus maiusculus, Anisonchus oligistus (224186) Periptychus coarctatus, Ectoconus ditrigonus, Ectoconus symbolus, Anisonchus athelas, Anisonchus onostus, Haploconus sp., Haploconus elachistus, Oxyacodon apiculatus, Loxolophus spiekeri, Oxyclaenus pugnax (14692) Periptychus coarctatus, Ectoconus symbolus, Oxyacodon sp., Oxyacodon ferronensis, Oxyacodon apiculatus, Loxolophus pentacus, Oxyclaenus pugnax (14670)
Puercan	66.0 - 63.4	USA (Wyoming)	Ampliconus antoni, Conacodon hettingeri, Conacodon harbourae, Miniconus jeanninae, Beornus honeyi, Maiorana noctiluca, Oxyprimus sp., Sigynorum magnadivisus, Mimatuta sp., Protungulatum donnae (174233) Arctocyonidae indet. (14715 14735) Arctocyonidae indet., Oxyprimus galadrielae (14804) Baioconodon denverensis, Oxyclaenus sp., Oxyclaenus cuspidatus (14729) Baioconodon sp. (14712) Conacodon cophater (14727) Conacodon cophater, Periptychus coarctatus, Ectoconus ditrigonus, Arctocyonidae indet. (14716) Ectoconus ditrigonus (14717) Eoconodon sp., Oxyprimus sp. (14710) Maiorana ferrisensis, Mimatuta sp., Protungulatum donnae (14711) Maiorana noctiluca, Oxyprimus putorius, Oxyprimus galadrielae, Mimatuta minuial, Loxolophus nordicus, Eoconodon sp., Oxyacodon josephi (14808) Mimatuta makpialutae, Ragnarok wovokae (14807) Mimatuta sp. (14725) Mithrandir gillianus (14714 14718 14724 14726) Mithrandir gillianus, Conacodon cophater, Arctocyonidae indet., Oxyclaenus cuspidatus (14723) Mithrandir gillianus, Loxolophus faulkneri (14707) Mithrandir gillianus, Loxolophus hyattianus (14728) Mithrandir gillianus, Loxolophus sp., Loxolophus faulkneri, Ampliconus browni (14713) Mithrandir gillianus, Oxyacodon agapetillus, Eoconodon sp., Arctocyonidae indet., Loxolophus hyattianus (14731) Oxyacodon apiculatus (14734) Oxyclaenus simplex (14803) Periptychidae indet., Ampliconus antoni, Mithrandir gillianus, Ectoconus cavigellii, Alticonus gazini, Oxyacodon priscilla, Oxyacodon agapetillus, Baioconodon middletoni, Loxolophus priscus, Loxolophus hyattianus (14797) Periptychidae indet., Mithrandir gillianus, Conacodon delphae, Ectoconus sp., Oxyacodon agapetillus, Arctocyonidae indet., Protungulatum gorgun, Protungulatum donnae, Conacodon harbourae (14722) Periptychidae indet., Mithrandir gillianus, Periptychus coarctatus, Oxyacodon priscilla, Loxolophus faulkneri (14706) Periptychidae indet., Periptychus coarctatus (14719) Periptychus coarctatus (14721 14733) Periptychus coarctatus, Oxyacodon priscilla, Loxolophus priscus, Protungulatum donnae (14720) Protungulatum donnae (14708 14709) Triisodontinae indet., Arctocyonidae indet. (14805)
Puercan	66.0 - 63.4	USA (New Mexico)	Arctocyon ferox (74549 125183) Hemithlaeus kowalevskianus, Conacodon cophater, Conacodon kohlbergeri, Periptychus coarctatus, Ectoconus ditrigonus, Conacodon entoconus, Escatepos campi, Oxyacodon priscilla, Oxyacodon apiculatus, Eoconodon sp., Eoconodon coryphaeus, Eoconodon ginibitohia, Eoconodon gaudrianus, Loxolophus kimbetovius, Oxyclaenus simplex, Oxyclaenus cuspidatus, Mimotricentes mirielae, Fimbrethil ambaronae, Gillisonchus gillianus (14760) Hemithlaeus kowalevskianus, Conacodon kohlbergeri, Periptychus coarctatus, Ectoconus ditrigonus, Conacodon entoconus, Eoconodon coryphaeus, Eoconodon gaudrianus, Dissacus navajovius, Loxolophus hyattianus, Loxolophus kimbetovius, Oxyclaenus simplex, Oxyclaenus cuspidatus, Gillisonchus gillianus (14703) Hemithlaeus kowalevskianus, Periptychus coarctatus, Ectoconus ditrigonus, Conacodon entoconus, Eoconodon gaudrianus, Loxolophus hyattianus, Gillisonchus gillianus (14794) Hemithlaeus sp., Conacodon sp., Ectoconus sp., Anisonchus sp., Carsioptychus sp. (14661) Oxyacodon apiculatus, Eoconodon coryphaeus, Loxolophus pentacus, Loxolophus priscus, Loxolophus hyattianus, Oxyclaenus simplex, Oxyclaenus cuspidatus, Chriacus antiquus, Protogonodon grangeri, Conacodon sp., Ectoconus sp., Gillisonchus gillianus, Plagioptychus matthewi (14662) Periptychus coarctatus, Loxolophus pentacus, Loxolophus priscus, Loxolophus hyattianus, Gillisonchus gillianus (14795)
Puercan	66.0 - 63.4	USA (Colorado)	Ampliconus browni, Conacodon matthewi, Oxyacodon archibaldi, Auraria urbana, Arctocyonidae indet., Oxyprimus galadrielae, Baioconodon denverensis, Oxyclaenus subbituminus, Baioconodon cannoni, Tinuviel gazini (14658) Ampliconus browni, Maiorana sp., Oxyprimus sp., Baioconodon nordicus, Protungulatum donnae (176863) Baioconodon denverensis, Tinuviel gazini (14774) Carsioptychus coarctatus (176748 205865 205867 205895 205900 205901 205903 205907 205908 205910 205914 205928 209872 209892 209904 209921 209924 209943 209946 209957 209964 209968 209976 210033) Carsioptychus coartatus (206072 206084) Carsioptychus sp. (206071) Conacodon delphae, Oxyclaenus cuspidatus (14689) Conacodon delphae, Periptychus coarctatus (14678) Conacodon entoconus (205919) Conacodon harbourae (88207) Ectoconus ditrigonus (14684 14687 14688 205863 205864 205868 205871 205881 205886 209900 209983 209997) Eoconodon coryphaeus (205932 205934) Loxolophus sp. (209874 209879 209890 209965) Militocodon lydae (234689) Periptychidae indet. (205873) Periptychus coarctatus (14659 14680 14681 14682 14685 14686 14746 14750 14793) Periptychus coarctatus, Conacodon entoconus, Loxolophus hyattianus, Oxyclaenus cuspidatus (14683) Periptychus coarctatus, Ectoconus ditrigonus (14679) Periptychus coarctatus, Ectoconus ditrigonus, Anisonchus athelas, Loxolophus hyattianus (14792) Periptychus coarctatus, Loxolophus hyattianus (14677)
Danian	66.0 - 61.66	Belgium (Hainaut)	Prolatidens waudruae (132949)
Danian	66.0 - 61.66	Argentina (Chubut)	Panperissodactyla indet., Escribania talonicuspis, Escribania chubutensis, Requisia vidmari, Mioclaenidae indet. (95914) Wainka tshotshe (13782)